Which of the following statements about perception is true?

Answer to #1

ANS: D
Personal identity is constructed through cognitive processes of perception and cognition. Perception is a function of the mind, not the senses. Perception is an intrapersonal process. Negative images are retained longer than positive ones.

Answer to #2

ANS: C
Negative concepts of possible selves can become a self-fulfilling prophecy. Distorted reality refers to a sense of self not based in reality. Selective attention occurs when a person hears only part of the message. Cognitive distortion refers to a distortion in thinking.

Answer to #3

ANS: B
This situation refers to an individual's perception of the body. The situation is not about how the client performs but about how he perceives his body. Self-esteem refers to the significance placed on self-concept. Personal identity concept refers to perceptual, cognitive, emotional, and spiritual elements.

Answer to #4

ANS: A
Frequent perceptual checks and active listening are helpful interventions. When combined with wellthought-out inferences about the meaning of client behaviors, they enhance the quality of decision making in the nurse-client relationship. Checking in with clients allows the nurse to use perceptual data in a conscious, deliberate way to facilitate the relationship process. Is it difficult for you to be this way? allows for only a yes or no answer and does not actively engage the client in conversation. I wouldn't worry about being very neat does not encourage an active conversation. It is okay to be this way; you are not hurting anyone does not encourage an active conversation.

Answer to #5

ANS: A
In this stage, the focus is the meaning of life and worth. It includes acceptance of growing limitations while maintaining a maximum productivity. Expression of acceptance of certitude of death as well as satisfaction with one's contributions to life are also characteristics of this stage. Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt occurs during the toddler stage of development. Intimacy versus Isolation occurs during the young adult stage. Identity versus Identity Diffusion occurs during adolescence.

Answer to #6

ANS: D
When life throws a health-related curve ball, nurses play a critical role in helping clients reframe a potentially incapacitating sense of self into one with more hope and broader options. They can help clients revisit personal strengths, consider new possibilities, incorporate new information, and seek out appropriate resources as a basis for making good clinical decisions and taking constructive actions. Even a nurse's supportive presence can give a client a reason to hope.

Answer to #7

ANS: D
Staff nurses are sometimes called upon to lead or co-lead unit-based group psychotherapy on inpatient units. Other times staff nurses participate in community group meetings comprised mostly of psychotic clients. Although acutely psychotic clients usually cannot participate until they are stabilized, community groups and small structured therapy groups can be useful. A directive but flexible leadership approach is needed. Because the demands of leadership are so intense with psychotic clients, co-leadership is recommended. Co-therapists can share the group process interventions, model healthy behaviors, offset negative transference from group members, and provide useful feedback to each other. An introductory format for support group leaders includes potentially allowing time for informal networking through providing a 10-minute break with or without refreshments in order to allow members to interact informally with each other. If a group topic is not forthcoming from members, the leader can introduce a relevant, concrete, problem-centered topic of potential interest to the group.

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