Substantive modification of any part of an organization is

a. organization development.
  b. organizing.
  c. organization change.
  d. organization implementation.
  e. organizational structure.

Caterpillar was caught unprepared for the worldwide recession in the construction industry
  in 1982. It took several years for the company to change and regain its industry leadership.
  This is an example of

a. reactive change.
  b. planned change.
  c. organizational development.
  d. the innovation process in operation.
  e. the influence of radical innovation.

Radical innovations are new products or processes that modify existing products or
  technologies.

Innovation development is the stage in which an organization evaluates, modifies, and
  improves on a potential innovation.