In an ex post facto study, a researcher investigated the effect of academic self-concept on school achievement. He concluded that a more positive self-concept leads to higher achievement in school. Label the following plausible alternative hypotheses as common cause, reverse causality, or other independent variables may be operating. Higher school achievement leads to a more positive academic self-concept.
a. common cause
b. reverse causality
c. other independent variables may be operating
Ques. 2In experiments, the Hawthorne effect has its impact on the ____ group, while the John Henry effect impacts the group.
a. experimental, control b. control, experimental
Ques. 3An investigator is interested in studying teacher management behavior. He located two groups of teachers previously identified as either competent in teacher management behavior or incompetent in teacher management behavior. He found that the competent teachers' students were significantly more engaged in learning than were incompetent teachers' students. What conclusion should the investigator draw from this finding?
a. Competent teacher management behavior causes students to be more engaged in learning.
b. Competent teacher management behavior and student engagement in learning occur together.
c. To ensure that students become engaged in learning, teachers should become competent in classroom management behavior.
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