People who wear seatbelts while driving survive more accidents than people who do not wear seatbelts. In this situation we can rule out
a. common cause. c. spurious results.
b. reverse causality. d. All of these are true.
Ques. 2Identify the threats to internal validity illustrated in the example below. The students scored much higher on the posttest because the posttest was easier than the pretest.
a. Instrumentation
b. Experimental mortality
c. Selection-maturation interaction
d. Statistical regression
e. Diffusion
Ques. 3One can rule out the possibility of reverse causality if one can establish that
a. X always precedes Y in time.
b. Y, always precedes X in time.
c. X may occur either before Y or after Y.
d. It is impossible to say what the time relationship between X and Y is.
Ques. 4Identify the threats to internal validity illustrated in the example below. The experimental group had a higher learning/growth rate than the control group even before the experiment began.
a. Instrumentation
b. Experimental mortality
c. Selection-maturation interaction
d. Statistical regression
e. Diffusion
Ques. 5In an ex post facto investigation, a positive relationship was found between self-esteem (X) and reading achievement (Y). A plausible explanation for this finding is:
a. X causes Y
b. Y causes X.
c. a third variable causes both X and Y.
d. a and b
e. a, b, and c
Ques. 6Generalization from the accessible population to the target population is assessed
a. statistically.
b. judgmentally.
c. through hindsight.
d. through the use of the generalization coefficient.
Ques. 7An investigator found that the proportion of graduates of private high schools who are admitted to prestigious colleges is much higher than the proportion of public high school graduates whom these colleges admit. The investigator might conclude that private high schools do a better job-preparing students for college. Or, and investigator could propose many other hypotheses. Choose the correct hypothesis. Which of the following is a hypothesis of common cause?
a. the same things that motivate parents and students to select private schools instead of public schools motivate them to do what is necessary to get into prestigious colleges.
b. admissions officers in prestigious colleges are biased in favor of private school graduates.
c. the milieu of private schools is more similar to college than the milieu of public schools.
Ques. 8Choose the intersubject difference control that best corresponds with the following statements. Only boys of ages 6-8 from an urban community were selected for a study.
a. ANCOVA
b. Homogeneous selection
c. Randomized matching
d. Random selection
e. Use subjects as their own controls
Ques. 9An investigator found that the proportion of graduates of private high schools who are admitted to prestigious colleges is much higher than the proportion of public high school graduates whom these colleges admit. The investigator might conclude that private high schools do a better job-preparing students for college. Or, and investigator could propose many other hypotheses. Choose the correct hypothesis. Which of the following is a hypothesis of an alternate independent variable?
a. the same things that motivate parents and students to select private schools instead of public schools motivate them to do what is necessary to get into prestigious colleges.
b. admissions officers in prestigious colleges are biased in favor of private school graduates.
c. the milieu of private schools is more similar to college than the milieu of public schools.
Ques. 10Choose the intersubject difference control that best corresponds with the following statements. Last year's math grades are taken into consideration when analyzing the posttest scores following the use of a new math teaching method.
a. ANCOVA
b. Homogeneous selection
c. Randomized matching
d. Random assignment
e. Use subjects as their own controls
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