With variable reinforcement, a number representing the ___________________ number of responses required for reinforcement is determined.
a. Median
b. Mode
c. Least
d. Average
Ques. 2Which of the following examples illustrates socially-mediated negative reinforcement:
a. Alice scratches her arm to alleviate an itch.
b. Marge closes her eyes when the wind picks up on the beach to avoid getting sand in her eyes.
c. Sandy asks her mother for help washing the dishes to reduce the amount of time she has to spend in the kitchen doing chores.
d. Paul uses the remote control to mute the television during commercials to avoid listening to the commercial hype.
Ques. 3An aversive stimulus can function as both a negative reinforcer and a punisher.
Indicate whether the statement is true or false
Ques. 4One advantage of a multiple baseline design is possibility of co-variation between different behaviors.
Indicate whether the statement is true or false
Ques. 5The length of the baseline phases for the different behaviors in a multiple baseline design should differ significantly.
Indicate whether the statement is true or false
Ques. 6Joe hates his new alarm clock. This morning, the annoying buzzer sounded at 6:00 a.m. Joe hit the snooze button to catch a few more minutes of sleep. He opened his eyes and saw that the clock read 6:14 . Knowing the buzzer will sound again at 6:15 (the snooze button allows for 15 minutes to pass before it sounds again). Because he hates the sound of the alarm, he reaches over and shuts off the alarm before it can sound and gets out of bed. Turning off the alarm before it can sound is an example of:
a. Discriminated avoidance.
b. Free operant avoidance.
c. An escape contingency.
d. An aversive stimulus.
Ques. 7Which of the following are the advantages of the changing criterion design?
a. It is the least complicated experimental
b. It does not require a withdrawal phase
c. It allows for experimental analysis while gradually improving behavior
d. Both B and c.
Ques. 8Negative reinforcement can be differentiated from punishment by carefully attending to the role of the aversive stimulus. In a negative reinforcement contingency, the aversive stimulus , whereas in a punishment contingency, the aversive stimulus .
a. Is presented following the target behavior; is removed following the target behavior.
b. Is removed following the target behavior; is present before the target behavior occurs.
c. Is present prior to the occurrence of the target behavior; is removed following the target behavior.
d. Is present prior to the occurrence of the target behavior; is presented following the target behavior.
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