According to Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory, which of the following is an example
of two dissonant cognitions?
a. I don't really like the color red. My friend is wearing a red shirt.
b. I went to Chicago. It rained in Philadelphia.
c. I have to get a gift for Jen. Her birthday is tomorrow.
d. Frank lent me 20 . I'm very angry at him.
Ques. 2Reciprocal teaching closely relates to all of the following except:
a. reinforcement schedules.
b. cooperative learning.
c. internalization of higher order thinking.
d. division of labor of intellectual activity.
Ques. 3Experts and novices differ in all of the following ways except:
a. which features of a problem they recognize.
b. how much time they spend planning and solving problems.
c. which heuristics they use.
d. how well they remember meaningless patterns.
Ques. 4Experts will most likely employ a working forward heuristic when solving problems in their
domain. In which situation might they need to employ a different heuristic?
a. They face severe time constraints to solve a problem.
b. Their self-efficacy regarding the problem is low.
c. They are working on a familiar problem.
d. The problem they face is particularly novel.
Ques. 5Which of the following is not associated with expertise?
a. a heavy reliance on domain knowledge
b. analyzing problems according to their surface characteristics
c. many years of full-time engagement in the field
d. a significant proportion of time spent on problem representation
Ques. 6In comparison to experts, novices can be led astray more easily by:
a. relying too heavily on domain knowledge.
b. analyzing the problem according to important principles of the discipline.
c. the surface features of problems.
d. drawing upon similar problems in different domains.
Ques. 7According to one estimate, ten years of full-time study and about 50,000 relevant patterns of
knowledge are associated with:
a. competence.
b. genius.
c. expertise.
d. eccentricity.
Ques. 8Which one of the following responses is most likely learned through classical conditioning?
a. being apprehensive around lizards
b. working out at the gym
c. responding to a verbal greeting
d. completing a forty-hour work week
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