Vygotsky and his followers have proposed that children's and adolescents' cognitive development is promoted when they work within their zone of proximal development and that scaffolding enables them to do this successfully. a. Explain these two concepts, and give a concrete example of each one. b. Choose a topic or skill that is apt to be in the zone of proximal development for most students at a particular grade level. Then explain how you would (1 ) scaffold students' efforts and (2 ) change the scaffolding over time.
What will be an ideal response?
Ques. 2Describe reciprocal teaching and its effects on student achievement. Explain its effectiveness using psychological principles related to learning and development.
What will be an ideal response?
Ques. 3Your students have been given a challenging taskone at which they can succeed only if they work hard. Considering what we know about the effects of anxiety on performance, which one of the following students is most likely to complete the task successfully?
A) Adam is feeling quite mellow today; his attitude is que sera, serawhatever happens, happens.
B) Berta is feeling really uptight about how she does on the task because her performance is going to affect whether she passes or fails the class.
C) Cassie doesn't care; in fact, she's half asleep.
D) Damion wants to do well on the task and is a little anxious about it, but not to the point that his hands are sweaty or his stomach is in a knot.
Ques. 4Explain what psychologists mean by the term distributed intelligence. Describe at least three different teaching and/or assessment strategies you might use that would be consistent with this concept.
What will be an ideal response?
Ques. 5Mr. Davis asks his second graders to conduct experiments to examine the effects of water, sunlight, and type of soil on growing sunflowers. He tells them, I want you to find out which of these three thingswater, sunlight, and soilaffect how well sunflowers grow. Here are lots of sunflower seeds, lots of paper cups to grow them in, and two different types of soil. You can give your growing plants plenty of sunlight by putting them on the shelf by the window, or you can grow them in a shadier place on the bookshelf behind my desk. And here's a measuring cup you can use to measure the amount of water you give them each day. Mr. Davis is assuming his second graders can do at least two things that, from Piaget's perspective, they probably cannot do. What two crucial abilities necessary for conducting appropriate experiments do his students probably not yet have? Justify your answer in a short paragraph.
What will be an ideal response?
Ques. 6With the textbook's discussion of anxiety in mind, identify the best approach to taking a difficult exam.
A) Worry just a little bit about the exam both as you prepare for it and as you take it.
B) In your mind, imagine the worst possible thing that could happen if you fail the exam.
C) Worry about the exam as you study the night before, but be as relaxed as possible when you take it.
D) Be completely relaxed both when you study and when you take the exam.
Ques. 7Three of the following teachers are likely to promote productive cognitive styles or dispositions related to classroom subject matter. Which teacher is unlikely to do so?
A) In discussions of literature, Mr. Green reminds students that although they may initially have diverse opinions about a novel's underlying theme, they should ultimately all agree on a single best way to interpret the novel.
B) When talking about the Battle of Normandy in World War II, Ms. Black describes in vivid detail how the Allied forces planned and carried out the invasion. As she talks, she also presents a few maps and many photos to illustrate what happened.
C) In helping an especially impulsive student get ready for an upcoming districtwide achievement test, Mr. Brown gives her a few practice sessions with multiple-choice questions. As you read each new question, he says to the student, tell yourself this: I must look at all four choices before I mark an answer. He then has her apply this strategy to many practice items.
D) When introducing a new unit about outer space in her science class, Ms. White says, Astronomers have found some truly fascinating things about the universe. You'll be especially amazed when we look at the nature of black holes. Imagine something with such a strong gravitational pull than even light can't escape it
Ques. 8The four teachers below are hoping to improve their students' self-efficacy. Which one will probably be least effective in doing so?
A) Mr. Anderson helps his students be successful at math word problems.
B) Ms. Berry tells her students how wonderful they are.
C) Mr. Carrera helps his students improve their creative writing skills.
D) Ms. D'Amato helps her students throw a softball farther.
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