When Rochelle has an on-the-road lesson as part of her driver education class, she fails to stop at ...

When Rochelle has an on-the-road lesson as part of her driver education class, she fails to stop at a school crossing zone, as is required by law. Her instructor has her drive around the block several times and stop each time at the crossing zone. He also insists that, once she has stopped, she must wait at least eight seconds before proceeding. The instructor's strategy illustrates the use of _______ as a way of bringing about behavior change.
 
  a. An intermittent reinforcement schedule
  b. Positive-practice overcorrection
  c. Response cost
  d. Restitution

Ques. 2

Julie gets very upset when her mother will not let her help her bake cookies. Julie yells at her mother and throws flour all over the kitchen. Julie's mother makes Julie clean up all of the flour and do all of the dishes Julie's mother created from baking the cookies. Her mother's punishment was a form of:
 
  a. Positive-practice overcorrection
  b. Response cost
  c. Restitutional overcorrection
  d. Punishment II

Ques. 3

DeeDee is upset that she has been taken off the basketball team because of a failing grade in her history class. The consequence of DeeDee's failure in history is an example of:
 
  a. Positive reinforcement
  b. Negative reinforcement
  c. Punishment I
  d. Punishment II

Ques. 4

Which one of the following is the best example of punishment as behaviorists define it?
 
  a. Kelly has been acting up in the classroom all year. Her teacher's frequent reprimands haven't made much of a difference in Kelly's behavior.
  b. Leo is a real distraction to his classmates, often burping in a way that makes other students laugh. His teacher places him in a corner where others can't hear him burping.
  c. Whenever Marvin has trouble sitting still, his teacher has him run up and down the hall three times to release pent-up energy.
  d. After Nora spends a few minutes in the time-out room for hurting a classmate's feelings, she is more careful not to hurt her peers' feelings in the future.

Ques. 5

Which one of the following alternatives best describes instrumental conditioning?
 
  a. Learning to use man-made tools in order to accomplish difficult tasks more easily
  b. Learning to behave in ways that either bring pleasure or reduce the likelihood of aversive events
  c. Learning that certain stimuli in one's environment often bring either physical or psychological pain
  d. Learning complex sequences of psychomotor behaviors (e.g., dribbling and then shooting a basketball)

Ques. 6

Which one of the following statements best describes behaviorists' two-step theory of avoidance learning?
 
  a. Avoidance of the aversive stimulus is negatively reinforced by the presence of the pre-aversive stimulus.
  b. Remaining in the situation is punished by the aversive stimulus; avoiding it is positively reinforced by the pre-aversive stimulus.
  c. Fear of the pre-aversive stimulus is classically conditioned, and escape from that stimulus is negatively reinforced.
  d. Escape responses occur prior to avoidance responses.

Ques. 7

Martin went to two or three school dances but felt uncomfortable and self-conscious at them. Martin no longer goes to school dances. His lack of attendance is an example of:
 
  a. Passive avoidance learning
  b. Active avoidance learning
  c. Punishment I
  d. Punishment II

Ques. 8

Mandy has learned that whenever her father comes home drunk, he is likely to yell at her, so she usually goes to her friend's house before he has the chance. In this situation, the father's coming home drunk is:
 
  a. Punishment I
  b. Punishment II
  c. An unconditioned stimulus
  d. A pre-aversive stimulus

Ques. 9

Mark's previous girlfriend always told him how handsome he looked whenever he wore his green sweater. Tonight Mark is going out with a new girlfriend and puts on the same green sweater. In behaviorist terminology, Mark is:
 
  a. on a differential rate of low responding schedule
  b. showing generalization
  c. on a fixed interval schedule
  d. showing stimulus discrimination

Ques. 10

A teacher wants to encourage her students to work cooperatively with one another as they study classroom subject matter. If she were to use the concept of a setting event to encourage such cooperative behavior, she would:
 
  a. Praise her students when they cooperate with one another.
  b. First give students a task in which they can't work with one another.
  c. Say I like how Sally and John are helping one another today loudly enough that other students can hear.
  d. Provide instructional materials that students can use only by working together.

Ques. 11

Lori has learned that when she wants to say something in class, she must raise her hand before doing so. At home, however, she speaks without ever raising her hand ahead of time. We can say that the classroom has become a(n) ____ for Lori's hand-raising behavior.
 
  a. generalized stimulus
  b. antecedent stimulus
  c. positive stimulus
  d. negative reinforce

Ques. 12

Mr. McDonald wants his students to ask him for help on their geometry problems only after they have tried to solve the problems independently for at least five minutes. Mr. McDonald should reinforce students' help-seeking behavior on a ___________ schedule.
 
  a. fixed ratio
  b. variable ratio
  c. differential rate of low responding
  d. differential rate of high responding