Whereas theories of cognitive development emphasize thinking and reasoning, theories of learning tend to focus on which of the following?
a. Hypothesis testing that occurs in scientific problem solving
b. Relatively permanent changes in behavior that result from experience c. Language development and written communication
d. The role of genetic factors in guiding adaptive behavior
Question 2Longevity is influenced by .
a. primarily the biological system
b. primarily the psychological system c. primarily the societal system
d. an interaction of all three systems
Question 3Which of the following psychosocial theory concepts is most similar to Vygotsky's zone of proximal development?
a. Psychosocial crisis
b. Stages of development c. Developmental tasks
d. Radius of significant relationships
Question 4Which factor is most influential in a society's life expectancy?
a. Mobility
b. Family rituals c. Education
d. Urbanization
Question 5Which of the following statements is considered an implication for human development based on Vygotsky's theory?
a. In all cultures, children will approach problem solving in the same way.
b. Social interaction and culture shape an individual's cognitive development.
c. It is better to spend time with people who are a little less skilled than you in order to build self-esteem. d. The direction of cognitive growth is largely determined by genetic factors.
Question 6Which social change is brought about by longer life expectancies?
a. Establishing anti-discrimination norms b. Delaying marriage and reproduction
c. Retiring earlier
d. Adapting less frequently to environmental cues
Question 7What is the zone of proximal development?
a. Length of time needed to accommodate
b. Distance between the radius of significant others and development c. Length of time needed to assimilate
d. Distance between developmental level and level of potential development
Question 8How has life expectancy changed the landscape of retirement since the 1930s?
a. People are not as healthy after retirement. b. People tend to forego retirement.
c. People are living longer after retirement.
d. People receive unrestricted benefits from the government.
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