What are import and export substitution policies? How have these policies affected Asian and South ...

 Countries using import substitution policies attempt to stimulate the development of local industry by discouraging imports via high tariffs and nontariff barriers. The opposite of import substitution is export promotion, whereby a country pursues economic growth by expanding its exports. This is the developmental approach successfully adopted by Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore. However, many major South American countries adopted these well-intentioned but destructive import substitution policies. For most South American industries, however, the domestic market is too small to enable domestic producers to gain economies of scale through mass-production techniques or to permit much competition among local producers. Thus, prices of domestically produced goods tend to rise above prices in other markets. The result is inflation and destruction of middle class savings.

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