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1. How does the bulk flow of filtrate into the capsule differ from diffusion?
Question 1 options:
In the glomerulus, blood pressure forces all the particles through the membrane in multiple directions, creating filtrate in which particles are in the same concentration as in blood plasma. Bulk flow can be compared to the movement of water and floating particles in a river flowing downhill.
In the glomerulus, blood pressure forces all the particles through the membrane in multiple directions, creating filtrate in which particles are in the same concentration as in blood plasma. Bulk flow is the same as diffusion.
In the glomerulus, blood pressure forces all the particles through the membrane in one direction, creating filtrate in which particles are in the same concentration as in blood plasma. Bulk flow can be compared to the movement of water and floating particles in a river flowing downhill.
In the glomerulus, blood pressure forces all the particles through the membrane in two directions, creating filtrate in which particles are in the same concentration as in blood plasma. Bulk flow can be compared to the movement of water and floating particles in a river flowing downhill.
Question 2 (1 point)
In what ways is nephritic filtration similar to the formation of interstitial fluid (lymph) in other tissues in the body?
Question 2 options:
Both nephric filtrate and interstitial fluid are formed as blood pressure forces lots of water and large solutes from blood plasma through pores in a capillary bed.
Nephric filtrate is formed as blood pressure forces some water and interstitial fluid retains small solutes from blood plasma through pores in a capillary bed.
Both nephric filtrate and interstitial fluid are formed as blood pressure forces some water and small solutes from blood plasma through pores in a capillary bed.
Interstitial fluid is formed as blood pressure forces some water and nephric filtrate retains small solutes from blood plasma through pores in a capillary bed.
Question 3 (2.5 points)
One of the effects of a drug overdose is a serious decrease in blood pressure. How might this affect kidney function? Select all the correct answers.
Question 3 options:
Cell in the kidney may die from the lack of oxygen and nutrients normally supplied by blood flow.
People with serious drug overdoses sometimes need to have their glomerulus filtered.
Although dangerous there is ususally not kidney damage.
Urine is not formed.
When blood pressure drops drastically, blood flow is greatly decreased and filtration stops.
People with serious drug overdoses sometimes require dialysis or kidney transplants.
Urine is still formed.
Permenant kidney damage is possible.
Question 4 (1 point)
Why is it that blood cells and proteins are not usually found in the filtrate?
Question 4 options:
Blood cells and protein molecules are forced through the pores in the glomerulus.
Blood cells and large plasma protein molecules are small enough to be forced through the pores in the glomerulus.
Blood cells and large plasma protein molecules are too large to be forced through the pores in the glomerulus.
Blood cells and protein molecules are relocated through a different path and forced through the pores in the glomerulus.
Question 5 (1 point)
Why are useful molecules like glucose and other nutrients found in the filtrate along with urea and other wastes?
Question 5 options:
Glucose and urea are both found in the filtrate because they take the filtrate path and by pass the glomerulus .
Glucose and urea are both found in the filtrate because they take the filtrate path and by pass the pores .
Glucose and urea are both found in the filtrate because they are small enough to be forced through the pores in the glomerulus.
Glucose and urea are rarely found in the filtrate because they are both neeeded int he body. If they make it to the glomerulus they have been forced there unwillingly.
Question 6 (1 point)
Sometimes bacterial infection causes nephritis - an inflammation of membranes in the glomerulus and capsule. Large pores are created where blood cells enter the nephron.
What symptom would indicate this problem?
Question 6 options:
The urine would be yellow, since red blood cells are not reabsorbed if they enter the nephron.
The urine would be clear, since red blood cells are not reabsorbed if they enter the nephron.
The urine would be bloody, since red blood cells are not reabsorbed if they enter the nephron.
The urine would most likely be normal, since red blood cells are not reabsorbed if they enter the nephron.
Question 7 (1 point)
In terms of energy costs to the cells in the proximal tubule, the reabsorption of salt (Na+ and Cl-) and water has been called a deal where we get "3 for the price of 1".
Question 7 options:
Reabsorption of Na+ occurs by active transport, so ATP is spent. However, Cl– absorption (electrostatic attraction to Na+) and water reabsorption (osmosis) are “free”—no ATP is spent.
Reabsorption of water occurs by active transport, so ATP is spent. However, Cl– absorption (electrostatic attraction to Na+) and Na+(osmosis) are “free”—no ATP is spent.
Reabsorption of Cl– occurs by active transport, so ATP is spent. However, Na+ absorption (electrostatic attraction to Cl– ) and water reabsorption (osmosis) are “free”—no ATP is spent.
Reabsorption of Na+ occurs by osmosis, so no ATP is spent. However, Cl– absorption (electrostatic attraction to Cl–) and water reabsorption through active transport, so ATP is spent.
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