In basic terms, how do neurotransmitters encapsulate specific impulses/ideas?

I believe you're asking how the brain works, how memories and thoughts are stored, etc. There are different theories, though we don't know for sure.

There are generally three types of memory: sensory memory, short-term memory and long-term memory.

The sensory memories act as buffers for stimuli received through the senses. A sensory memory exists for each sensory channel: iconic memory for visual stimuli, echoic memory for aural stimuli and haptic memory for touch. Information is passed from sensory memory into short-term memory by attention, thereby filtering the stimuli to only those which are of interest at a given time.

Short-term memory acts as a scratch-pad for temporary recall of the information under process. For instance, in order to understand this sentence you need to hold in your mind the beginning of the sentence you read the rest.

Short term memory decays rapidly (200 ms.) and also has a limited capacity. Chunking of information can lead to an increase in the short term memory capacity. Thst is the reason why a hyphenated phone number is easier to rememeber than a single long number. The successful formation of a chunk is known as closure. Interference often causes disturbance in short-term memory retention. This accounts for the desire to complete the tasks held in short term memory as soon as possible.

Long-term memory is intended for storage of information over a long time. Information from the working memory is transferred to it after a few seconds. Unlike in working memory, there is little decay.
There are two types of long-term memory: episodic memory and semantic memory. Episodic memory represents our memory of events and experiences in a serial form. It is from this memory that we can reconstruct the actual events that took place at a given point in our lives. Semantic memory, on the other end, is a structured record of facts, concepts and skills that we have acquired. The information in semantic memory is derived from that in our own episodic memory, such that we can learn new facts or concepts from our experiences.

There are three main activities related to long term memory: storage, deletion and retrieval.
Information from short-term memory is stored in long-term memory by rehearsal. The repeated exposure to a stimulus or the rehearsal of a piece of information transfers it into long-term memory. Experiements also suggest that learning time is most effective if it is distributed over time. Deletion is mainly caused by decay and inerference. Emotional factors also affect long-term memory. However, it is debatable whether we actually ever forget anything or whether it becomes increasingly difficult to access certain items from memory. Having forgotten something may just be caused by not being able to retrieve it ! Information may not be recalled sometimes but may be recognized, or may be recalled only with prompting. This leads us to the third provess of memory: information retrieval.

There are two types of information retrieval: recall and recognition. In recall, the information is reproduced from memory. In recognition the presentation of the information provides the knowledge that the information has been seen before. Recognition is of lesser complexity, as the information is provided as a cue. However, the recall can be assisted by the provision of retrieval cues which enable the subject to quickly access the information in memory.

I'm just going to address the question of human memory capacity. Short-term memory can only hold about 7 items for a brief period. It's like beads on a string - as you put new items in short-term memory, the existing items "fall off". There are ways to improve it, like chunking the information, but overall short-term memory is very limited.

The other kind of memory, long-term memory, is said by many researchers to be basically infinite. Dr. Ken Higbee, in his book "Your Memory: What It Is & How to Improve It", says, "Long-term memory is relatively permanent, and has a virtually unlimited capacity."

You forget things not because the information isn't in your brain, but because you lose the "handle" for it. That's why the memory systems work so well - they give you that handle (actually, it takes a little mental effort to create the handle).

Well first of all the human brain consists of more than 10 billion nerve cells that are associated to each other. Second of all, remember that your brain is split into different sections and each of those sections have a particular function. For example the cerebellum ( AKA the cortex) controls your emotions and holds memory. Memory all works through a network of neurons that all share common information. When your brain remembers something, signals are sent throughout the network of neurons which all associate among themselves. For example somewhere in the network, you brain could store information about color and another part of the network you brain could store information on shapes and another storing smells and taste. When your brain tries to remember what an apple is, the signals that are sent are sent throughout those particular parts of the network and once the signal is done traveling throughout all sense departments, your brain creates a picture of an apple and suddenly remembers it. Basically the more neural network associations you have the faster your brain will remember stuff and vice versa.