List five health effects associated with overweight and obesity.

1. Mental health: Increased rates of depression and anxiety disorders.
2. Cardiovascular system: High blood pressure; higher triglycerides levels and decreased HDL levels, both of which contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease.
3. Endocrine system: A weight gain of 11-18 pounds doubles a person's risk of type 2 diabetes.
4. Reproductive system: Higher rates of sexual dysfunction; increased risks for prostate, endometrial, and uterine cancer; increased risk of breast cancer in women; increased risks of fetal and maternal death, labor and delivery complications, and birth defects.
5. Immune system: Tendency toward more infectious diseases and reduced wound healing.
6. Heart: Dramatically increased risk for all forms of heart disease.
7. Respiratory system: Increased risk of sleep apnea and asthma.
8. Digestive system: Increased risks for colon, gallbladder, and kidney cancers; increased risk of gallbladder disease.
9. Bones and joints: Each 2-pound increase in weight increases the risk of arthritis by 9-13 percent; increased risk of osteoarthritis, especially in weight-bearing joints, such as knees and hips.

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