Which of the following endocrine glands is capable of storing its hormones extracellularly and then slowly releasing them?
a) pituitary
b) pancreas
c) thyroidd) adrenal medulla
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A Ca^2+ chelator binds calcium and prevents it from participating in cellular processes. Such a chelator would affect physiological responses of which of the following hormones?
a) hormones from the posterior hypophysis/pituitary
b) hormones from the anterior hypophysis/pituitary
c)hormones from the adrenal cortex
d) thyroid hormones
e) pancreatic hormones
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Phosphodiesterase is an enzyme that destroys cAMP. Caffeine is a potent inhibitor of this enzyme. So, a person that has consumed a lot of coffee may alter, somewhat, the physiological responses to which of the following hormones?
a) TSHb) ADHc) oxytocind) TRH
e) none of the above Caffeine has been shown to stimulate T4, one of the hormones that is specific to thyroid production, and TSH, or thyroid stimulating hormone. However, it could also be ADH.
The principle pharmacological effect of caffeine is as an inhibitor of adenosine, meaning it blocks adenosine receptors. Adenosine physiologically constricts the afferent renal artery, meaning it will DECREASE the renal flow rate. This decrease leads to less urine synthesis, stimulating renin release, increasing Angiotensin II, increasing Aldosterone, and thus more ADH. Therefore administering caffeine BLOCKS adenosine receptors, meaning the renal perfusion will be greater, and due to less renin release, less ADH, production of urine will increase.