Chapter 15. Antemortem Skeletal Conditions.TRUE/FALSE. Write "T" if the statement is true and "F" if it is false
1. The human body often has deviations from the norm that must be known to forensic anthropologists to avoid errors in skeletal analysis.
Answer: True p. 300
2. Without careful analysis, pathological conditions might be mistaken for trauma.
Answer: True p. 301
3. Of the three basic types of pathologies, lytic lesions are the least likely to be mistaken for trauma.
Answer: False p. 302
4. Necrosis involves loss of bone due to a birth defect.
Answer: False p. 303
5. Lytic lesions have none of the characteristics of perimortem trauma.
Answer: False p. 303 – 304
6. Lytic lesions can be mistaken for perimortem trauma or postmortem damage because of the loss of bone in conditions such as anemia, necrosis, and abscesses.
Answer: True p. 303 – 304
7. Proliferative lesions include osteophytes, osteomas, and generalized bone disease.
Answer: True p. 305
8. Deformative lesions are likely to be mistaken for proliferative lesions.
Answer: False p. 305
9. Skeletal anomalies include accessory ossicles, nonfusions, and extra foramen.
Answer: True p. 307 – 308
10. Various cranial ossicles might be mistaken for evidence of sharp force trauma if care is not taken during analysis.
Answer: False p. 308
11. Accessory bones have lines that radiate from them similar to fracture lines due to blunt force trauma
Answer: False p. 309
12. Nonfusion anomalies are similar to lytic lesions.
Answer: False p. 310 – 315
13. Nonfusion anomalies often involve the continuance of an immature condition into adulthood.
Answer: True p. 310 – 315
14. A common nonfusion anomaly of the sternum can be mistaken for a projectile wound.
Answer: True p. 313 – 314
15. Accessory foramina are similar to lytic lesions.
Answer: True p. 315 – 316
16. A trephination has all of the characteristics of a gunshot wound.
Answer: False p. 316
17. A pseudarthrosis involves nonfusion of two segments of a bone.
Answer: True p. 313, 318
18. Occupational stress markers include conditions similar to lytic lesions.
Answer: True p. 318 – 322
19. Osteophytosis only occurs as proliferative pathological lesions that increase in frequency with age.
Answer: False p. 319
20. Occupations involving heavy use of limbs can result in enlarged areas of muscle insertion.
Answer: True p. 318, 320
21. Facets occur where two bone surfaces contact each other near a joint.
Answer: True p. 321
22. Grooves are occupational stress markers that are similar to facets.
Answer: True p. 321
23. Osteophytes in the thoracic vertebrae is one of many occupational stress markers.
Answer: False p. 321
24. Stress fractures occur only due to age.
Answer: False p. 322 – 323
25. Stress fractures due to occupations can occur in the vertebrae, arms and hands.
Answer: True p. 322 – 323
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
26. Which of the following is a reason to study antemortem skeletal conditions?
A They may be mistaken for perimortem trauma
B They may be mistaken for postmortem damage
C They may provide information on the life of the descedent
D All of the above
Answer: D p. 300
27. Which of the following antemortem skeletal conditions involves lytic, proliferative and deformative lesions?
A Pathological conditions
B Skeletal anomalies
C Markers of occupational stress
D All of the above
Answer: A p. 301
28. Which of the following antemortem skeletal conditions involves modification to bone due to atypical body movements during life?
A Pathological conditions
B Skeletal anomalies
C Markers of occupational stress
D All of the above
Answer: C p. 301
29. Which of the following antemortem skeletal conditions involves accessory ossicles, nonfusions, and accessory foramen?
A Pathological conditions
B Skeletal anomalies
C Markers of occupational stress
D All of the above
Answer: B p. 301
30. Which of the following pathological conditions involves abnormal bone loss?
A Lytic lesions
B Proliferative lesions
C Deformative lesions
D All of the above
Answer: A p. 302
31. An abnormal bony spur would be which of the following pathological conditions?
A Lytic lesions
B Proliferative lesions
C Deformative lesions
D All of the above
Answer: B p. 302
32. Which of the following pathological conditions involves the unnatural shape of bone?
A Lytic lesions
B Proliferative lesions
C Deformative lesions
D All of the above
Answer: D p. 302
33. A cancerous tumor on a bone would fall into which of the following pathological conditions?
A Lytic lesions
B Proliferative lesions
C Deformative lesions
D All of the above
Answer: B p. 305
34. Into which of the following pathological conditions would the “dowager’s hump” most likely be classified?
A Lytic lesions
B Proliferative lesions
C Deformative lesions
D All of the above
Answer: C p. 307
35. Which of the following skeletal anomalies involves extra bones within other bones?
A Accessory bones
B Nonfusion anomalies
C Accessory foramen
D Miscellaneous anomalies
Answer: A p. 307 – 318
36. Which of the following skeletal anomalies appears as though single bones are made up of multiple segment?
A Accessory bones
B Nonfusion anomalies
C Accessory foramen
D Miscellaneous anomalies
Answer: B p. 307 – 318
37. Which of the following skeletal anomalies involves extra openings in bones?
A Accessory bones
B Nonfusion anomalies
C Accessory foramen
D Miscellaneous anomalies
Answer: C p. 307 – 318
38. Which of the following characteristics of an accessory bone distinguishes it from blunt force trauma?
A Irregular outline
B No fracture lines
C Cortical bone on edges
D All of the above
Answer: D p. 308 – 309
39. Which of the following characteristics of nonfusion anomalies distinguishes them from blunt force trauma?
A Appearance at ossification centers
B No fracture lines
C Cortical bone on edges
D All of the above
Answer: D p. 311 – 312
40. Which of the following segments of the human skeleton can exhibit nonfusion anomalies?
A Axial skeleton
B Thorax
C Appendicular skeleton
D All of the above
Answer: D p. 312 (Table 15.1)
41. Which of the following parts of the human skeleton can exhibit accessory foramen?
A Face
B Skull base
C Appendicular skeleton
D All of the above
Answer: D p. 315 – 316
42. The septal aperture, which appears like a projectile wound, occurs in what bone?
A Humerus
B Femur
C Skull
D Vertebrae
Answer: A p. 315
43. Which of the bones have round, or near round, anomalous openings that could be mistaken for projectile trauma?
A Sternum
B Humerus
C Scapula
D All of the above
Answer: D p. 314, 317, 318
44. Which of the following occupational stress markers could be mistaken for a pathological condition?
A Osteophytosis
B Hypertorphy
C Deformations
D All of the above
Answer: D p. 318 – 321
45. Which of the following occupational stress markers involve lytic lesions and enlarged areas where muscle attaches to bone?
A Lesions of insertion area
B Osteophytosis
C Descrete markers
D Fractures
Answer: A p. 318 – 321
46. Which of the following occupational stress markers involve bony spurs and ridging?
A Lesions of insertion area
B Osteophytosis
C Descrete markers
D Fractures
Answer: B p. 318 – 321
47. Which of the following occupational stress markers involve exostoses, spinal angulation, facets, and grooves?
A Lesions of insertion area
B Osteophytosis
C Descrete markers
D Fractures
Answer: C p. 318 – 321
48. Which of the following occupations could result in grooves appearing in your teeth?
A Diving
B Milkman
C Carpentry
D Fruit picking
Answer: C p. 321 – 322
49. Which of the following bones in the human skeleton can exhibit discrete markers associated with occupations?
A Vertebrae
B Calvicle
C Scapula
D All of the above
Answer: D p. 322
50. Which of the following bones in the human skeleton can exhibit fractures associated with occupations?
A Vertebrae
B Radius
C Calcaneous
D All of the above
Answer: D p. 323
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