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polishsausage polishsausage
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11 years ago
I'm having trouble answering this question. I'm pretty sure it has something to do with action potentials, but I just can't tie it together.

In muscle cells, Ca2+ release into the cytoplasm causes muscle contraction. Cardiac muscle cells contain both an ATP-driven Ca2+ pump and an antiporter that exchanges Ca2+ for Na+ across the plasma membrane. The antiporter rapidly pumps most of the entering Ca2+ ions back out of the cell, which allows the cells to relax. Two natural products that are used to treat heart disease, ouabain and digitalis, cause the heart to contract more forcefully. Both of these drugs interfere with the function of the Na+-K+ ATPase in the membranes of the heart muscle.

Propose a theory that explains how these drugs increase the force of cardiac contraction. What would be the consequence of giving too much of either ouabain or digitalis?
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11 years ago
Firstly lets explain some basic things that are nessesary for this question:
The direction of the passive transport (thought membrane proteins) of molecules and ions is affected by two things:
1) The concentration of the solute in and out of the cell: The molecules and ions tend to move from higher concentrations to lower concentrations.
2) (only for charged solutes/ ions) The membrane potential: The cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane is usually at a negative potential relative to the outside. So, positively charged ions are pulled in the cell.
-So, the net force driving a charged solute across the mambrane is a combosite of the above two forces. (This net driving force is called electrochemical gradient.)

The Na+/K+ ATPase uses energy (ATP) to actively transport the Na+ and K+ to the opposite side of their electrochemical gradient. (Na+ out of the cell and K+ in the cell.) That keeps the concentration of Na+ out of the cell much higher than it is in the cell. And because Na+ is also positively charged, the electrochemical gradient of Na+ is very high. (see Essential Cell Biology chapter 12: Carrier proteins and their functions)

Na+/Ca2+ exchanger uses the energy that is stored in the electrochemical gradient of sodium (Na+) by allowing Na+ to flow down its gradient across the plasma membrane in exchange for the countertransport of calcium ions (Ca2+). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium-calcium_exchanger

Now, ouabain and digitalis are drugs that inhibits the Na+/K+ ATPase http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouabain. That results to a decrease to the electrochemical gradient of sodium (Na+), and so the function of Na+/Ca2+ exchanger is also decreased. Ultimately, the Ca2+ ions stay in the cell longer, which results to a more forceful (and longer) contraction. (To see how does Ca++ affects the contraction, see Essential Cell Biology Chapter 17: "Muscle contraction is triggered by a sudden rise in Ca 2+")
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