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SMK SMK
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11 years ago
Can anyone help please? What are the types of molecules produced in glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and Alcoholic fermentation??

PLease if anyone has a clue I would really appreciate it.
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11 years ago
ATP = Adenosine triphosphate

One of the pathways through which ATP is synthesized is the anerobic process of glycolisis, combined with the aerobic process of oxidative phosphorylation. Basically, glucose (as well as many other glycolytic intermediates) is energized by two molecules of ATP, and through the process of glycolysis produces two molecules of pyruvate and 4 molecules of ATP; a net gain of 2 ATP as well as 2 molecules of NADH used later in oxidative phosphorylation during aerobic conditions.

This is the main source of ATP for anerobic bacteria, however under aerobic conditions the pyruvate is further processed in the CAC. Upon formation of the pyruvate in the cytosol, it is immediately transferred to the mitochondrial matrix where it is converted to Acetyl-CoA by the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex, (also producing a molecule of NADH). This acetyl-CoA then enters a cyclic pathway known as the citric acid cycle, where it is added to oxaloacetate to form citrate, then to isocitrate, and so on, eventually leading again to oxaloacetate, but producing 3 molecules of NADH, one molecule of FADH2, and 1 molecule of GTP (ATP); as well as CO2. Now begins the real amount of ATP synthesis.

These produced NADH molecules then enter a series of complexes known loosely as the electron transport chain. Here the NADH acts as an electron donor, where it is used to pump protons into the inner membrane space of the mitochondria, creating a proton gradient. These protons are provided an exit through the ATP-synthase molecule that is also partly embedded in the inner membrane. This enzyme couples the mechanical rotation of its subunit, provided by the protons passing through it (think of a water turbine in a dam), to attach an inorganic phosphate to ADP, forming ATP. It can be noted here that O2 is the terminal electron acceptor in comlex IV of the ETC, making this an aerobic process.

All in all, roughly 30-32 ATP are synthesized from a molecule of glucose.

Fermentation uses the formed NADH + H+ and  reduces pyruvate to ethanol to regenerate the NAD+ needed for glycolysis.
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