Eekonomics

APUSH Ch 15 Test A   Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.   __C__    1.   Reconstruction of the South after the Civil War was viewed by the victorious Northerners as a. a means by which the industrial capacity of the South could be rebuilt b. the best means by which poor whites could be given positions of power in the South c. the only way the South could be prevented from restoring their pre-Civil War society d. a necessary evil, to be done away with as soon as possible e. a chance to reestablish the power of the planter aristocracy     __E__    2.   The era of Reconstruction can best be described as a. a period of vicious and tyrannical rule of the South by the North b. a time of drastic reform c. an era of growth for the Southern middle class d. the physical rebuilding of the South e. an important first step toward civil rights     _B___    3.   When the Confederate armies surrendered, a. a peace treaty was signed between the North and the South officially ending the hostilities b. Lincoln would allow no formal peace treaty to be signed between the Confederate and federal governments c. each seceding state had to sign a separate peace treaty with the federal government d. only those seceding states that were still at war with the United States in 1865 had to sign a peace treaty e. Lincoln supported immediate readmission of Southern states     __E__    4.   In the aftermath of emancipation, most African Americans wanted all of the following improvements in their lives except a. independence from white control b. legal protection of their rights c. their own cultural institutions, such as churches d. the opportunity for social advancement e. desegregated schools and fraternal societies     __B__    5.   The Amendment to the Constitution that ended the practice of slavery throughout the United States was the a. twelfth b. thirteenth c. fourteenth d. fifteenth e. sixteenth     __C__    6.   Radical Republicans in Congress believed that reconstructing the South should include all of the following measures except a. the punishment of civil and military leaders of the Confederacy b. the disenfranchisement of large numbers of Southern whites c. the permanent occupation of the South by the Union Army d. the protection of the legal rights of blacks e. the confiscation of property from wealthy Southerners     __E__    7.   Republicans Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner urged that a. the government be lenient in dealing with the defeated South b. reconstruction should not include the right to vote for blacks c. President Johnson be given unchecked powers d. former Confederates be given blanket amnesty e. large numbers of Southern whites be disenfranchised     __A__    8.   President Lincoln’s plan for Reconstruction can best be described as a. mild b. harsh c. poorly planned d. popular with Radical Republicans e. radical     __E__    9.   The Freedmen’s Bureau eventually had all of the following powers except a. distributing food b. establishing schools c. settling labor disputes d. assisting poor whites e. creating a welfare system     __B__  10.   Before the end of the Civil War, the Reconstruction plan advanced by Congress in opposition to Lincoln’s “Ten Percent Plan” was the a. Sumner Act of 1864 b. Wade-Davis Bill c. Compromise of 1864 d. Military Reconstruction Act e. Crittenden Compromise     __D__  11.   To many Northerners, the murder of Abraham Lincoln a. had little effect on the way that they viewed Reconstruction b. ensured that Andrew Johnson would present a radical reconstruction plan c. indicated that there were divisions within the Republican party d. seemed to indicate a large conspiracy on the part of the defeated South e. was believed to have been committed by someone other than John Wilkes Booth     __C__  12.   Instead of using the term Reconstruction for his program for the South, Andrew Johnson called it a. realignment b. readmittance c. restoration d. redemption e. reclamation     __B__  13.   The unique feature of President Andrew Johnson’s plan for Reconstruction was a. amnesty for former Republicans b. individual pardons for wealthy Southerners c. ratification of the abolition of slavery d. appointment of provisional governors e. suffrage for all male ex-slaves     __B__  14.   Radical Reconstruction officially began when a. Lincoln was assassinated b. Congress reconvened in December, 1865 c. Andrew Johnson vetoed the Civil Rights Act of 1866 d. blacks were given the vote in the South e. Jefferson Davis was released from prison     __A__  15.   The purpose of the Black Codes was to a. guarantee white supremacy in the South b. protect newly freed blacks c. prevent former slaves from moving to the North d. guarantee black civil rights e. promote wider voting rights in the South     __D__  16.   During 1865 and 1866, Northern opinion grew hostile toward the South because of all of the following developments except a. the passage of the Black Codes b. the election of former Confederates to Congress c. the bloody race riots in several Southern cities d. the assassination of a number of Southern Republican governors e. the reluctance of Southern conventions to abolish slavery     __A__  17.   All of the following describe the first Civil Rights Act passed by Congress in 1866 except a. allowed for individual pardons for wealthy Southern planters b. declared blacks to be citizens of the United States c. empowered the federal government to intervene in a state’s affairs to protect civil rights d. was vetoed by President Johnson e. restricted former Confederate officials’ ability to hold office     __C__  18.   The first official definition of citizenship was included in a. the Civil Rights Act of 1866 b. President Johnson’s 1867 Address to the Nation c. the Fourteenth Amendment d. the Fifteenth Amendment e. the Emancipation Proclamation     __B__  19.   All of the following actions by Andrew Johnson angered Congress except a. the veto of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 b. the appointment of a Southerner to the Supreme Court c. the dismissal of Secretary of War Edwin Stanton d. the veto of the Freedmen’s Bureau Act e. the consistent resistance of radical Republican ideas     __B__  20.   The Republican Congress responded to the establishment of Black Codes in the South by a. nominating Charles Sumner for president b. extending the life of the Freedmen’s Bureau c. withdrawing Union troops from the South d. offering to back off passage of the Civil Rights Bill e. jailing governors from every Southern state     __B__  21.   The former Confederate state that escaped most of Radical Reconstruction was a. Texas b. Tennessee c. Kentucky d. Florida e. Alabama     __B__  22.   The Congressional Reconstruction Acts of 1867 a. formed the Freedman’s Bureau b. divided the South into military districts c. excluded blacks from voting d. allowed former Confederates to hold public office e. excluded white Southerners from voting     __D__  23.   The provisions of the Fifteenth Amendment gave the right to vote to a. Chinese b. women c. Indians d. blacks e. former Confederate leaders     __D__  24.   The Tenure of Office Act was designed to a. protect the jobs of Congressional aides b. initiate civil service reform c. limit the number of times a Congressman could be reelected d. prohibit the president from removing cabinet members without the Senate’s approval e. encourage the election of black public officials     __B__  25.   When Andrew Johnson was impeached, the House had a. recessed for the summer b. accused him of a crime c. convicted him of a crime d. removed him from office e. refused to accuse him of specific wrongdoing     __B__  26.   After the House impeached Andrew Johnson, his trial in the Senate ended in a. a conviction b. an acquittal c. a deadlock d. his resignation e. his removal from office     __B__  27.   Republican Reconstruction governments were supported by all of the following groups except a. scalawags b. redeemers c. freedmen d. carpetbaggers e. Southern African-Americans     __E__  28.   Black freedmen attempted to exercise their rights by all of the following methods except a. participating in politics b. organizing their own religious groups c. striving to obtain an education d. serving as delegates to constitutional conventions e. advocating their colonization in Africa     __C__  29.   During Reconstruction, no Southern black was elected to a. the U.S. Senate b. the U.S. Congress c. a state governorship d. a state lieutenant governorship e. the U.S. House of Representatives     __A__  30.   The most positive accomplishment of Reconstruction in the South was a. improving public education b. eliminating corruption in state governments c. securing civil rights for blacks d. reducing the power of the Southern elite e. resolving racial prejudice in the South     __C__  31.   During Reconstruction, educational reform was promoted by all of the following groups except a. the Freedmen’s Bureau b. private Northern philanthropic organizations c. Southern Democrats d. Northern Republicans e. Southern African-Americans     __C__  32.   By the end of Reconstruction, the majority of Southern blacks a. owned their own land b. worked for wages c. were tenant farmers d. had migrated to the North e. moved to cities in the North     __A__  33.   During Reconstruction, the per capita income for Southern blacks a. increased substantially b. increased moderately c. remained about the same d. decreased substantially e. decreased gradually     __E__  34.   The crop lien system that developed in the South during Reconstruction involved all of the following factors except a. it forced the farmers to rely on the growth of cash crops b. it contributed to the decline of Southern agriculture c. it featured high interest rates d. blacks worked fewer hours than they had during slavery e. it was administered primarily by country banks     __B__  35.   Ulysses S. Grant is considered to have been a. a good, but not quite great, president b. a failure as president c. a good president who had bad advisors d. an adequate, if unimaginative, president e. a president who diminished corruption in Washington     __D__  36.   Grant’s administration developed substantial opposition because a. he vetoed the Civil Rights Act of 1867 b. he opposed the Reconstruction policies of Congress c. he tried to destroy the party bosses and their machines d. he allowed corruption to develop in his administration e. he ordered the withdrawal of troops from the South     __C__  37.   A key factor in Ulysses S. Grant’s victory in the presidential election of 1868 was a. his experience as a party boss during the Civil War b. Grant’s new popularity with white Southerners c. the huge black vote for Grant in the South d. the lack of bitterness expressed in the campaign e. Grant’s long career of political experience     __A__  38.   The Credit Mobilier scandal involved a. fraudulent construction contracts for the Union Pacific Railroad b. illegal tax stamps for whiskey distillers c. bribery by employees of the Indian Bureau to retain their jobs d. favorable interest rates for land speculators e. illegal sale of government bonds     __D__  39.   The Panic of 1873 a. lasted for eight years b. affected the South more than other sections of the country c. finally ended with the recall of all greenbacks from circulation d. was the worst depression that the United States had experienced up until that time e. resulted in the election of Ulysses S. Grant     __C__  40.   The supporters of greenbacks wanted to a. raise the value of the dollar b. increase the value of debts c. inflate the currency d. keep the country on the gold standard e. decrease the amount of currency in the economy     __D__  41.   The Specie Resumption Act of 1875 provided that greenbacks would be a. replaced with war bonds b. inflated to help debtors c. declared illegal d. redeemed for gold certificates e. designated as currency in the South only     __A__  42.   The Alabama claims were monetary claims by a. Americans against the British b. Americans against the French c. the federal government against the state of Alabama d. whites against blacks who expropriated their land e. blacks who demanded war reparations     __A__  43.   To intimidate and subjugate newly freed blacks during Reconstruction, Southern whites used all of the following tactics except a. Whites forced the blacks into ghettos so that they could be better controlled b. Whites formed secret and quasi-secret organizations that used terror to prevent the blacks from voting c. Local merchants denied credit to blacks who voted Republican d. Planters refused to rent land to Republican blacks e. Redeemer governments encouraged the end of black suffrage     __D__  44.   The split in the Southern branch of the Republican Party in 1872 resulted in a. the third party Dixiecrats b. many white Republicans leaving the South c. the election of a Democratic president in 1876 d. many white Republicans eventually joining the Democratic party e. black Republicans becoming a minor force in the party     __E__  45.   By the early 1870s, Ku Klux Klan violence against African-Americans was a. increasing rapidly throughout the South b. directed out of KKK national headquarters in Sharpsburg, Maryland c. directed exclusively and personally by Klan leader Nathan B. Forrest d. spreading into the North e. on the decline     __C__  46.   In the presidential election of 1876, the Republicans hoped to get the problems of the Grant administration behind them by nominating a. Samuel J. Tilden b. James G. Blaine c. Rutherford B. Hayes d. Horace Greeley e. Charles Sumner     __D__  47.   The terms of the Compromise of 1877 included all of the following provisions except a. awarding all twenty disputed electoral votes to Hayes b. withdrawing all remaining federal troops from the South c. supporting internal improvements in the South d. giving Republicans control of federal patronage in the South e. keeping the presidency with the Republican party     __D__  48.   The Compromise of 1877 resulted in the a. election of Samuel J. Tilden b. impeachment of Andrew Johnson c. establishment of a strong Southern Republican party d. end of Reconstruction in the South e. adoption of the Fifteenth Amendment     __E__  49.   By the end of the Reconstruction period, all of the following developments had occurred except a. blacks had improved their economic conditions b. the legal foundations for the “Second Reconstruction” had been established c. southern whites had regained control of their state governments d. the country had failed to establish racial justice e. most national leaders had become willing to infringe on the rights of states     __A__  50.   The revisionist view of Reconstruction challenged the traditional view of Reconstruction that was advanced by a. William A. Dunning b. W. E. B. Du Bois c. C. Van Woodward d. Kenneth Stampp e. Eric Foner     __C__  51.   Current historical thought considers Reconstruction to have been a. a total failure b. an unfortunate period with no real successes or real failures c. much more successful than first thought d. only successful in the upper South e. largely successful in almost every respect     __E__  52.   During the Second Reconstruction that occurred in the 1860s and 1870s, blacks benefited from legislation passed during Reconstruction that is known as the a. Black Codes b. Jim Crow Laws c. Ex parte Milligan d. Emancipation Proclamation e. Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments     __C__  53.   Southern politics after Reconstruction was dominated by a. free blacks b. Republicans c. Democrats d. carpetbaggers e. scalawags     _D___  54.   Of the following groups, the least likely to become “Redeemers” were a. the old aristocracy b. industrialists and merchants c. poor whites d. blacks e. white Democrats     __E__  55.   The “Readjusters” demanded that a. Andrew Johnson resign as president b. Union troops remain in the South c. the Grant administration be prosecuted for corruption d. conservative Southerners be given ultimate power in the South e. Southern state governments put more money toward state services     __D__  56.   Post-Reconstruction industry in the South a. suffered from a stagnant railroad industry b. doubled its share of manufacturing between 1880 and 1900 c. decreased due to the high wages paid to workers d. far surpassed that of the years before the Civil War e. became the equal of Northern manufacturing     __C__  57.   The industrial work force of the South a. was highly unionized b. contained many blacks c. included a large number of women d. enjoyed a high standard of living e. paid low prices for consumer goods     __B__  58.   Industrial workers in the New South were a. predominantly white men displaced by the war b. predominantly women c. members of the growing middle class d. predominantly freed blacks e. made up of nearly equal numbers of all these groups     __A__  59.   In the 1870s and 1880s, Southern agriculture exhibited all of the following general characteristics except a. new machinery and farming techniques appeared quickly b. back country farmers became less self-sufficient c. all forms of tenant farming increased d. absentee ownership of land increased e. there was a reliance on a few cash crops     __E__  60.   The crop-lien system of agriculture had all of the following results except a. tenant farming by both whites and blacks increased b. an increasing group of farmers fell further into debt each year c. “furnishing merchants” controlled credit d. subsistence farming remained a mainstay of economic culture e. reliance on cash crops decreased     __A__  61.   In discussing the origins of segregation, historians offered all of the following interpretations except a. the refusal of blacks to vote for members of the white elite led to the loss of all their rights b. Jim Crow laws merely made legal what was already being done informally c. segregation arose because whites sought to placate blacks by providing facilities that otherwise would not have existed at all d. Jim Crow laws represented a shift in race relation caused by fear that blacks would become a political power e. segregation emerged naturally and inevitably out of the abolition of slavery     __B__  62.   In The Strange Career of Jim Crow, C. Vann Woodward argued that a. the North used harsh “bayonet rule” in the South during Reconstruction b. laws of the 1890s institutionalized segregation in the South c. strict segregation existed immediately after the Civil War d. the rise of Populism had little effect on Southern politics e. Southern blacks preferred segregation over social democracy     __D__  63.   Historian Leon Litwack a. linked the rise of segregation to the growth of Southern cities b. believed that white supremacy was not a factor in Southern politics c. believed that radical Reconstruction failed to address black suffrage d. showed that segregation existed in the North before the Civil War e. argued that segregation was just as bad in the North as in the South.     __E__  64.   After Reconstruction, the South began to reassert white supremacy by all of the following means except a. voting restrictions b. capitalizing on Congressional apathy c. segregation d. terror and intimidation e. anti-lynching laws     __B__  65.   Most members of the black middle class that developed in the South in the late 1800s worked as a. government employees b. doctors, lawyers, nurses, or teachers for other blacks c. owners of small farms d. employees of businesses owned by white Northerners e. managers of textile mills     _D___  66.   According to Booker T. Washington, the ideal of black education was to a. allow blacks to integrate into white society on an equal basis b. force white universities to desegregate classes c. teach blacks how to take an active role in politics d. teach blacks technical skills so they could get jobs in agriculture or trades e. encourage a class of black professionals in the North     __C__  67.   Southerners deprived black Americans of their civil rights by all of the following means except a. passing Jim Crow laws b. using violence and intimidation c. prohibiting black schools d. restricting the meaning of Constitutional amendments e. segregating most public facilities     __B__  68.   In the 1896 case of Plessy v. Ferguson, the U.S. Supreme Court allowed to stand the practice of a. disenfranchisement on the basis of sex b. separate but equal public facilities c. disenfranchisement on the basis of race d. permitting the descendants of people who voted in the past to vote in the future e. separation of powers in state governments     __D__  69.   Southerners deprived black Americans of their right to vote by all of the following means except a. grandfather laws b. property qualifications c. poll taxes d. residency requirements e. literacy tests     __C__  70.   The process of depriving African Americans of the right to vote in the South a. was opposed by the Ku Klux Klan b. was begun in all the Southern states immediately after Reconstruction ended c. consisted of such regulations as literacy tests and poll taxes d. was declared illegal by the Supreme Court although this declaration was not enforced e. was not supported by members of the Democratic party     __B__  71.   Lynching in the South after Reconstruction a. declined from pre-Civil War days b. resulted in more than 80 percent of the lynchings in the entire nation, even surpassing the Far West c. were used as the predominant form of “law enforcement” in the South, for blacks and whites d. caused almost no stir until well into the 1900s e. resulted in vigorous anti-lynching prosecutions by the federal government     __D__  72.   Prior to the Civil War, minstrel shows a. provided entertainment only for slaves b. featured mostly African-American performers c. provided a forum for black portrayals of authentic African-American culture d. contained ridiculous and ignorant portrayals of African-American culture e. included few racial themes or stereotypes     __A__  73.   Lincoln’s plan for the readmission of former Confederate states to the Union a. included provisions for providing freed slaves political and civil rights b. prohibited any supporter of the Confederacy from voting c. was included in the Wade-Davis Bill that Congress rejected d. gained momentum and Radical support after his assassination e. was relatively lenient to gain support for the Republican Party in the South     __B__  74.   Radical Republicans proposed the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution because a. they wanted the Constitution, not the Emancipation Proclamation, to acknowledge the end of slavery b. Northern as well as Southern states were denying African Americans the right to vote c. it would end all claims of white superiority in the former Confederacy d. it defined citizenship and required the states to protect a citizen’s rights e. it allowed the government to commit federal forces in the states     __C__  75.   Corruption in Southern Reconstruction governments was a. a result of inexperienced politicians being taken advantage of by scalawags b. at the hands of former Confederates seeking revenge on the federal government c. part of the post–Civil War political culture throughout the nation d. much more extensive than that found in Northern politics e. extremely rare because military commanders supervised state spending     __A__  76.   The most convincing evidence that “negro rule” during Reconstruction was not a valid concept is a. carpetbaggers and scalawags ran local government at the time b. freedmen controlled no state legislatures and no governorships c. a majority of white Southerners were denied the vote d. the “ironclad oath” never allowed Confederate soldiers to take office e. the proportion of black officeholders exceeded the black population     __B__  77.   During Grant’s first term as president, the Republican Party divided over a. the blatant use of patronage to solidify his support within the party b. Southern blacks gaining the right to vote in federal elections c. scandal and corruption at the highest levels of government d. the use of force to subdue opposition to Reconstruction policy by force e. the use of excessive greenbacks to repay the Civil War debt     __B__  78.   Republican support for the Compromise of 1877 came from a. wanting a Republican Party member in the cabinet b. a desire to maintain office, and declining interest in civil rights for blacks c. the political necessity to maintain troops in the Southern states d. the overwhelming popular vote for Rutherford B. Hayes e. Southern Republicans who wanted to avoid another armed conflict     __C__  79.   One of the most important legacies of Reconstruction for America was the a. declaration that segregation was unconstitutional in Plessy v. Ferguson b. gaining momentum of the movement ending the culture of white supremacy c. ratification of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments d. granting of equal political rights to both African Americans and poor whites e. acceptance of the principles of Social Darwinism and progress     __D__  80.   In the Atlanta Constitution, Henry Grady championed the idea that a. Southerners must not abandon the ideals embodied in the “Lost Cause” b. Southern agriculture and cotton could resurrect the Southern economy c. African-American labor should migrate North, which would raise Southern wages d. Southern culture and economy should adopt Northern commercial values e. high tariffs would help both the Southern and Northern economies grow     __D__  81.   The crop-lien system in the South after the Civil War had all of the following effects except a. the growing reliance on a limited number of cash crops b. the increase in tenant farming and sharecropping c. the increased debt accrued by those making a living in agriculture d. the decrease in land ownership among white farmers e. the increased opportunity to establish farms that were mainly self-sufficient     __E__  82.   “Cast down your bucket where you are. Cast it down among the eight millions of Negroes whose habits you know” best expresses the ideas of a. Herbert Spencer’s views on Social Darwinism b. Rutherford B. Hayes in the presidential campaign of 1877 c. Charles Sumner on his plans for equal civil rights for freedmen d. Henry Grady on the New South e. Booker T. Washington in the “Atlanta Compromise”     __B__  83.   The white power structure in the “redeemed” South designed voting laws to a. provide education for former slaves so that they would be more productive agricultural workers b. give more political power to all whites at the expense of blacks c. to stop the increasing number of lynchings of both blacks and whites d. to stop both blacks and poor whites from politically uniting against them e. share a limited amount of social and political power with African Americans to end race riots such as the one in New Orleans     Essay             84.   Explain the three stages of Reconstruction and the consequences of each.     Presidential Reconstruction, 1863-66 was controlled by Presidents Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson, with the goal of quickly reuniting the country. It can be said to have begun with the Emancipation Proclamation. The programs proposed by Lincoln and subsequently by Johnson (who by late 1865 had lost the support of most of his own Republican party) were opposed by the Radical Republicans. This political faction gained power after the 1866 elections and began Congressional Reconstruction, 1866-1873 emphasizing civil rights and voting rights for the freedmen. Supported by the Military Reconstruction Act of 1867, in 1868 new state governments came to power in the former Confederacy which were based on a Republican coalition of freedmen, carpetbaggers and scalawags. In the Redemption, 1873-77, white Southern Democrats (calling themselves "Redeemers") defeated the Republicans and took control of each southern state, marking the end of Reconstruction. In 1877, President Rutherford Hayes withdrew federal troops, causing the collapse of the remaining three Republican state governments.             85.   Describe the impact of Reconstruction on the creation of the “New South.”    Reconstruction was both a success and a failure Successes - ? Southern economy rebuilt ? Education put in place for both blacks and whites for some ? Blacks received temporary rights in government and society Failures - ? End of Reconstruction saw blacks lose rights ? Sharecropping is the main job of Southern blacks (no better than slavery) ? Governments of South run by racist leaders and supported by the courts ? No immediate future for blacks              86.   Analyze the Grant administration.    The famous Union Civil War General Ulysses S. Grant was considered a great general but a terrible president. He consistently ranks near the bottom of the historian's poll. In the military he had a reputation for putting the most qualified people in charge, and political reformers believed this would hold true in the White House as well. As Grant became accustomed to party politics, however, he fully embraced partisanship, and many of the people he put in charge were corrupt. By the time he took office in 1869, most of the Confederate states had been restored to the Union with Republicans in control. The Fourteenth Amendment had been ratified, and the Fifteenth was making its way around the states.             87.   Explain the factors that brought Reconstruction to an end.   As the Depression of 1873 wore on into the mid-1870s, northern voters became decreasingly interested in southern Reconstruction. With unemployment high and hard currency scarce, northerners were more concerned with their own financial well-being than in securing rights for freedmen, punishing the Ku Klux Klan, or readmitting secessionist states. After Democrats capitalized on these depression conditions and took control of the House of Representatives in 1874, Reconstruction efforts stalled.     International Baccalaureate History Advanced Placement History IBO Examiner   SINE LABORE NIHIL (Latin: "Nothing without work")