0133427269 Module24CultureDiversity LectureOutline

I. The Concept of Culture and Diversity Cultural diversity Terms and language Discrimination ( the restriction of justice, rights, and privileges of individuals or subcultural groups that may occur when dominant groups reinforce their rules and regulations in a way that limits opportunities for others Multiculturalism ( many subcultures coexisting within a given society in which no one culture dominates Ethnic groups ( families and groups from that same country who have common characteristics such as nationality, language, customs, and values U.S. Census Bureau identifies the following races White Black or African American American Indian or Alaska Native Asian Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific islander Cultural humility ( see Box 24-1 NURSESS SELF-AWARENESS, p. 1630 See CONCEPTS RELATED TO CULTURE AND DIVERSITY, p. 1631 Values and beliefs Individuals living within a culture often share many of the societys prevailing values and beliefs Values and beliefs are part of the culture Nurses must identify each clients culture Cultural values ( preferred ways of behaving or thinking that are sustained over time and used to govern a cultural groups actions and decisions Cultural characteristics include the following elements Physical element ( geographic area where the society is located Infrastructure element ( framework of systems and processes that keep the society functioning Behavioral element ( the way people in the society act and react to each other Cultural element ( values, beliefs, assumptions, and norms that comprise a code of conduct for acceptable behaviors within the society See Table 24-1 EXAMPLES OF DIFFERENCES IN CORE BELIEFS, p. 1633 Cultural differences can create barriers to necessary care ( selected examples include The importance or lack of importance of including family members in managing illness Lack of trust in healthcare system and providers The belief that illnesses are not linked to scientific pathophysiology Beliefs that discussing prognosis with clients can influence outcomes or be dangerous Cultural transmission Cultural characteristics are passed from generation to generation through language, material objects, rituals, customs, institutions, and art Cultural groups ( categorized around racial, ethnic, religious, or socially common cultural characteristics Enculturation ( the process children use to learn cultural characteristics from adults Assimilation ( process of adapting to and integrating characteristics of the dominant culture as ones own Acculturation( process of not only adapting to another culture, but also accepting the majority groups culture as ones own Diversity To overcome barriers to multiculturalism, nurses must have a deep understanding of vulnerable clients who are impacted by racism, sexism, classism, and heterosexism Gender ( traditionally male and female Intersex Transgender or transsexual Difference among genders goes beyond anatomy By improving their understanding of how gender differences impact client health, nurses can develop a plan of care specific to each client Stereotyping ( overgeneralization of group characteristics that reinforces societal biases and distorts individual characteristics Bias ( favoring a group or individual over another Sexism ( when male values, beliefs, or activities are preferred over female Race The concept of race is complex Historically defined as physical attributes linked to continent of origin Racism ( oppression of a group of people based on perceived race Class Socioeconomic variations contribute to stratification of society based on money and access to resources Classism ( oppression of groups of people based on their socioeconomic status Homelessness ( vulnerable clients who present unique and complex challenges Poverty ( children and those living in female-headed households are at greatest risk Undocumented immigrants ( often do not seek healthcare until their condition is critical Sexual orientation ( a continuum ranging from those who have a strong preference for a partner of the same sex to those who strongly prefer a partner of the opposite sex Homosexual ( prefer partner of the same sex Heterosexual ( prefer partner of the opposite sex Bisexual ( physically attracted to both males and females Homophobia ( fear, hatred, or mistrust of gays and lesbians Heterosexism ( view of heterosexuality as the only correct sexual orientation Disability status Many clients have a physical or cognitive disability Clients with disabilities often experience poorer health care than the general population Age Children and older adults are considered vulnerable populations Disparities and differences Difference give rise to disparities related to health care IOM recommends reducing disparities by increasing awareness of them Vulnerable populations ( groups of people in our culture who are at greater risk for diseases and reduced life span due to lack of resources and exposure to more risk factors Social differences Communication Environmental control Religious variations Space Biological variations Susceptibility to disease Skin color Case Study A ( Susan Moore is a 16-year-old who comes to a local family practice clinic , p. 1639 Developing cultural competence Cultural competence ( the ability to apply the knowledge and skills needed to provide high quality, evidence-based care to clients of diverse backgrounds and beliefs to overcome barriers and access resources promoting health and wellness Basic characteristics of cultural competence Valuing diversity Capacity for cultural self-assessment Awareness of the different dynamics present when cultures interact Knowledge about different cultures Adaptability in providing nursing care that reflects an understanding of cultural diversity AACN ( five competencies considered essential ASKED and LEARN models can help nurses include cultural behaviors in client care Case Study B ( An Arab couple has come to a local clinic because the wife, who is 6 months pregnant, is not feeling well, p. 1641 Standards of competence Maintaining cultural competence is an ongoing process for individuals and institutions Institutions need to address Administration and governance Orientation and education Language Staff competencies Using and interpreter Many clients do not speak English, and many who do speak some English are of limited proficiency Strategies Bilingual nurses Using an interpreter Case Study C ( Henry Lee is approximately 55 years old, p. 1643 Providing culturally competent nursing care Begins with incorporating culture into initial nursing assessment Assess clients values and beliefs including use of complementary and alternative therapies Form diagnoses appropriate to the client Plan care that is appropriate for clients of different cultures Incorporate clients preferences when implementing care Evaluate how successfully the client is able to follow the treatment regimen while observing cultural practices Review The Concept of Culture and Diversity Relate Link the Concepts Refer Go to Nursing Student Resources Reflect Case Study 2015 by Education, Inc. 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