Transcript
Chap 27: Community Ecology 10pts You will receive no credit for items you complete after the assignment is due. Grading Policy Activity: Primary Succession Click here to complete this activity. Then answer the questions. Part A Which of these is a starting point for primary succession? ANSWER: Which of these is a starting point for primary succession? a neglected yard a surface exposed by a retreating glacier abandoned farmland an abandoned city none of these is a starting point for primary succession Source: Romme, W. H., and D. G. Despain, Historical perspective on the Yellowstone fires of 1988. Bioscience 39:695–699 Part A What does the y-axis show? ANSWER: What does the y-axis show? total area occupied by a forest stage, in square miles percentage of landscape occupied by a forest stage relative frequency of forest fires between 1700 and 1988 time, in 50-year intervals Part B What does the red graph line represent? ANSWER: What does the red graph line represent? thinning stage transition stage old-growth stage establishment stage Part C During which period were forest fires most extensive? ANSWER: During which period were forest fires most extensive? 1700–1750 1750–1800 1800–1850 1850–1900 Part D In 1770, how much of the landscape did the thinning stage occupy? ANSWER: In 1770, how much of the landscape did the thinning stage occupy? 15% 25% 50% 50 square miles Part E Which of the following best describes the Yellowstone Plateau landscape in 1900? ANSWER: Which of the following best describes the Yellowstone Plateau landscape in 1900? All of the forest stages occupied about the same amount of area. Most of the landscape was occupied with forests made up of young lodgepole pines. More than half of the landscape was occupied by forests in which shade-tolerant trees were becoming established. More than half of the landscape was covered by forests made up of mature shade-tolerant trees. Part F Is this statement supported or not supported by the graph? Between 1700 and 1985, the dominant forest stage on the Yellowstone Plateau progressed from establishment stage to old-growth forest, in a pattern typical of secondary succession. supported not supported cannot be determined from the graph Part G After the 1988 fires, scientists made careful observations of the changes on the Yellowstone Plateau. The data they collected is not shown on this graph. Which of the following statements is most likely to have described the landscape in 2000? Use the trends shown in the graph to make your prediction. More than half of the landscape would have been occupied by old-growth forest. More than half of the landscape would have been occupied by lodgepole pines. All of the forest stages would have occupied about the same percentage of the landscape. It is not possible to make a prediction based on the data in this graph. Part G This question will be shown after you complete previous question(s). Interpreting Graphs and Data: Bird Populations During Old-Field Succession Can you interpret the graph to answer these questions? Source: Johnston, D.W. and E.P. Odum. 1956. Breeding bird populations in relation to plant succession on the Georgia Piedmont. Ecology 37: 50-62. Part A What does the left y-axis of the graph represent? number of breeding pairs per 100 acres stage of ecological succession number of bird species ecological age Part B What does the blue graph line represent? ANSWER: What does the blue graph line represent? ecological age breeding pairs per 100 acres number of species species density Part C After 20 years, what was the total number of bird species? ANSWER: After 20 years, what was the total number of bird species? 14 60 120 cannot be determined from this graph Part D In which year was the density of birds greatest? ANSWER: In which year was the density of birds greatest? 20 100 105 160 cannot be determined from this graph Part E In which period did the number of species increase most rapidly? ANSWER: In which period did the number of species increase most rapidly? 0 to 20 years 20 to 40 years 40 to 60 years 60 to 100 years 100 to 160 years Part F What factor is most likely to have caused the change in the number of bird species that occurred between years 30 and 60? ANSWER: What factor is most likely to have caused the change in the number of bird species that occurred between years 30 and 60? evolution of new bird species increasing competition among bird species increasing number of bird habitats decreasing food supply Part G Which of the following statements best describes the bird populations during the period from 100 to 160 years? ANSWER: Which of the following statements best describes the bird populations during the period from 100 to 160 years? The number species declined slightly, while the number of breeding pairs reached a peak and then declined. Both the number of species and the number of breeding pairs were stable. The number of species slowly reached a peak and then slowly declined, while the number of breeding pairs slowly increased. The number of species slowly increased, while the number of breeding pairs reached a peak and then slowly declined. Part H The climax, or final stage, of old-field succession is an oak-hickory forest, which is usually well established after 160 years. What happens to the diversity of bird species after 160 years? ANSWER: The climax, or final stage, of old-field succession is an oak-hickory forest, which is usually well established after 160 years. What happens to the diversity of bird species after 160 years? Both the number of species and the number of breeding pairs remain stable. The number of species slowly increases, while the number of breeding pairs slowly declines. The number of species remains stable, while the number of breeding pairs slowly declines. The answer cannot be determined from this graph. Chapter 27 Reading Quiz Question 1 Part A What is implied by the reference, "biotic portion of an ecosystem"? the portion of the community involved in competition the portion involved in coevolution everything within the ecosystem the "living" portion of the ecosystem Chapter 27 Reading Quiz Question 2 Part A Coevolution is ___________. a mechanism that results in death of one of the competing individuals the particular space within an ecosystem occupied by a species a competition between two species that harms one and benefits the other a process wherein two interacting species act as agents of natural selection on one another an interaction between two species that benefits both Activity: Interspecific Interactions Click here to complete this activity. Then answer the questions. Part A A human eats a deer. Which of these terms applies to the relationship between the human and the deer? predation competition parasitism mutualism commensalism Part B Humans and sharks both eat fish. Which of these terms applies to the relationship between the human and the shark? predation competition mutualism parasitism commensalism Part C Humans who have pets tend to be healthier than humans who do not have pets. Which of these terms applies to the relationship between a human and a pet? ANSWER: Humans who have pets tend to be healthier than humans who do not have pets. Which of these terms applies to the relationship between a human and a pet? parasitism competition predation mutualism commensalism Part D Which of these terms applies to the relationship between a dog and a blood-sucking tick? ANSWER: Which of these terms applies to the relationship between a dog and a blood-sucking tick? mutualism predation competition parasitism commensalism Part E An egret eats insects stirred up by grazing animals. Which of these terms applies to the relationship between the egret and the grazing animal? parasitism commensalism competition predation mutualism Chapter 27 Reading Quiz Question 3 Part A Complete the statement: Different species share many aspects of their niche with others, but __________. they do not compete within the niche for the resources it provides no two species ever occupy exactly the same ecological niche within the same community intraspecific competition will be detrimental to the species the niche is not necessarily the home of any of the species Chapter 27 Reading Quiz Question 4 Part A Under what conditions does competition occur between individuals of the same or different species? when they attempt to use the same limited resources, particularly energy, nutrients, or space when there is competition between a predator and prey when resources are partitioned only when available resources are limited Chapter 27 Reading Quiz Question 5 Part A What evolutionary adaptation occurs when species with similar ecological niches coexist and compete? population size reduction resource partitioning predation loss of physical and behavioral adaptations Chapter 27 Reading Quiz Question 6 Part A Which of the following is an example of resource partitioning? coevolution a moth whose color and shape resemble a bird dropping related species of finches of the Galapagos Islands predator and prey relationships both bats and moths with wings Chapter 27 Reading Quiz Question 7 Part A What process has provided the predator, the mountain lion, with tearing teeth and claws and its prey, the fawn, with dappled spots that serve as camouflage? the competitive exclusion principle mimicry carnivorous food gathering intraspecific competition coevolution Chapter 27 Reading Quiz Question 8 Part A A cheetah hiding inconspicuously in grass watching for grazing antelope is an example of __________. camouflage an herbivore mimicry mutualism intraspecific competition Chapter 27 Reading Quiz Question 9 Part A Which of the following is an example of Mullerian mimicry? the South American poison dart frog toxic monarch butterflies with wing patterns similar to those of equally distasteful viceroy butterflies insects with markings that closely resemble the eyes of a much larger animal the sand dab a bee, which can sting, and the stingless hoverfly Chapter 27 Reading Quiz Question 10 Part A Consider a situation wherein a predator may use mimicry to attract prey. In one example female fireflies use a series of flashes to attract males. Females of one species will mimic the flashing pattern of a different species and when males respond, they kill and eat them. What would be a good name for this type of mimicry? aggressive mimicry Mullerian mimicry Batesian mimicry warning coloration startle coloration Chapter 27 Reading Quiz Question 11 Part A It has been estimated that 1 million vertebrates are killed on the highways in the United States each day by cars and trucks. What part of the predator-prey relationship could be responsible for many of these? Many predators and prey have keen eyesight, like that of the hawk. Prey have an instinct to run away from danger. Prey often remain motionless when hunted by a predator, hoping camouflage will protect them. Prey have a desire to stop and fight to escape. Chapter 27 Reading Quiz Question 12 Part A What is a major reason invasive species are wreaking havoc on natural ecosystems throughout the world? Invasive species have evolved aggressive mimicry. They are poisonous. Invasive species evade the checks and balances imposed by millennia of coevolution. They are resistant to biocontrols. They are camouflaged. Chapter 27 Reading Quiz Question 13 Part A Habitat destruction is the leading cause pushing endangered species toward extinction. What is the second leading cause? invasive species increasing amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere wildfires pollution of waterways imported beetles to control purple loosestrife in North America Chapter 27 Reading Quiz Question 14 Part A What is the purpose of the octopus's "smoke screen"? It is meant to confuse predators and mask the prey's escape. The cloud of ink is a form of aggressive mimicry. It is a toxin that stuns a predator. The cloud of ink is a means of disseminating sperm. Chapter 27 Reading Quiz Question 15 Part A Assume that you are interested in the life cycle of an ant parasite and the mechanism it uses to disperse its eggs. You find that ant larvae are infected when they eat bird droppings containing the parasite's eggs. As the ant matures, the parasite eggs grow in the abdomen of the ant. The abdomen swells with parasite eggs and turns red, causing it to resemble a berry. You find that berries and other fruit are an important part of the diet of local birds. Further study shows that the abdomen becomes red to attract birds and fool them into eating the ants, thinking they are berries. Consequently, birds spread the parasite eggs through their droppings, which infect the larvae of other ants. After considering the reproductive strategy of the parasite, what is the purpose of the bird as an intermediate host in the life cycle of the parasite? The bird is considered prey for the parasite. The bird serves as a site for metamorphosis of the parasite. The bird serves no purpose in the life cycle of the parasite. The bird disperses the parasite to other uninfected ant colonies to assure survival of the parasite. Chapter 27 Reading Quiz Question 16 Part A The malaria parasite spends part of its life cycle infecting human red blood cells. However, up to 40% of the human population in some parts of Africa is resistant because of a mutation in the hemoglobin gene that prevents infection. This is an example of __________. a parasite exerting selective pressure on evolution of its host parasitism mutualism aggressive mimicry resource partitioning Chapter 27 Reading Quiz Question 17 Part A Which of the following is a symbiotic mutualistic relationship between two different species? A female firefly producing a rhythmic flashing to attract males. octopus and other mollusks nagana lichen malaria Chapter 27 Reading Quiz Question 18 Part A Which of the following is true of lichen? It is usually found as a parasite on a tree. The fungus provides light-trapping pigments. The alga provides the food for the two mutualistic participants. The fungus provides food for the two mutualistic participants. Chapter 27 Reading Quiz Question 19 Part A Consider a situation wherein a plant provides a nodule on its roots to house and feed nitrogen-fixing bacteria; the nitrogen-fixing bacteria in turn supply nitrogen for the plant. This is an example of __________. primary succession climax community a symbiotic mutualism a keystone species Chapter 27 Reading Quiz Question 20 Part A Which of the following is the definition of keystone species? a particular species that interacts with another where both benefit the few hardy plants that initiate succession a particular species that plays a major role in determining community structure the species that is the primary prey of a parasite Chapter 27 Reading Quiz Question 21 Part A Overfishing of lobsters off the east coast of Canada has allowed the population of its prey, sea urchins, to expand enormously. This is an example of __________. succession a biome a climax community removal of a keystone species Chapter 27 Reading Quiz Question 22 Part A What event will lead to succession of plants and animals in a community? mimicry coevolution resource partitioning parasitism an ecological disturbance Chapter 27 Reading Quiz Question 23 Part A What biological event followed the Mount St. Helens eruption in 1980 that left only the remnants of a forest and a layer of nutrient-rich ash? development of keystone species secondary succession development of an oak-hickory climax forest emergence of a biome a disturbance Chapter 27 Reading Quiz Question 24 Part A What is a reason for allowing fire to burn a forest or a prairie? A climax community would rapidly develop. Different species assemble. The abiotic structure would be significantly changed. Fire (and other disturbances) allow and even encourage rapid regeneration of communities. Chapter 27 Reading Quiz Question 25 Part A Which of the following relates to lichens growing on weathered rock? A recent fire made it possible for them to begin growth. They represent a climax community. The lichens are pioneer species. There must be extensive shading for them to survive. Chapter 27 Reading Quiz Question 26 Part A Which factor most likely speeds up the process of secondary succession on an abandoned farm in the southeastern United States? pioneer plants additional nitrogen a thick layer of soil water climax plants Chapter 27 Reading Quiz Question 27 Part A Visualize a lake surrounded by a forest. Over time sediments washing into the lake cause the lake to shrink and succession occurs around the edges. What will be the effect of succession over a long period of time? The lake becomes acidic. A meadow is formed with trees growing around the meadow's edges. The lake becomes toxic to plant life as succession leads closer and closer to a climax community. Aquatic vegetation increases. Chapter 27 Reading Quiz Question 28 Part A Which of the following is a characteristic of a climax community? It is undergoing recurring disturbances. It is composed almost entirely of pioneer species. This community is entirely abiotic. The climax community perpetuates itself. Chapter 27 Reading Quiz Question 29 Part A What was a reason for Native Americans to maintain a prairie in a subclimax stage? to provide habitat for a large number of species to initiate the formation of a climax community to increase grazing land for bison to provide land for growing crops and other types of agriculture Chapter 27 Reading Quiz Question 30 Part A Extensive areas of characteristic climax plant communities, such as deserts, grasslands, and some forests are called __________. an intertidal zone biomes a climax community invasive species an ecological niche
