...Organisms, including lichens, fungi, bacteria, mosses, and...
...of bacteria and fungi on dead organisms,...
...cohabit with various fungi, algae and other...
...consume bacteria and fungi growing on organic...
...of bacteria and fungi. Some live within...
...of roots and fungi that enhance plant...
...mutualistic associations of fungi and roots. The...
...host plant. The fungi increase the surface...
...the plant. The fungi also secrete growth...
...and branch. The fungi produce antibiotics that...
...pathogenic bacteria and fungi in the soil....
...include mycorrhizae. Mycorrhizal fungi are more efficient...
...most ecosystems, these fungi are present in...
...of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Epiphytes nourish themselves...

... Chapter 31 Fungi Lecture Outline Overview:...
...thousand species of fungi have been described,...
...million species of fungi. Some fungi are...
...of fungi. Some fungi are single-celled, but...
...above the ground. Fungi play an important...
...depend on mutualistic fungi to help their...
...Humans have cultivated fungi for centuries for...
...and wine. Some fungi cause diseases in...
...animals. Concept 31.1 Fungi are heterotrophs that...
...feed by absorption. Fungi are heterotrophs that...
...absorb and use. Fungi then absorb small...
...surrounding medium. Other fungi use enzymes to...
...cells, enabling the fungi to absorb nutrients...
...ecological roles of fungi as decomposers, parasites,...
...and mutualists. Decomposer fungi break down and...
...nonliving organisms. Parasitic fungi absorb nutrients from...
...hosts. Some parasitic fungi, including some that...
...plants, are pathogenic. Fungi cause 80% of...
...plant diseases. Mutualistic fungi also absorb nutrients...
...Yeasts are single-celled fungi. Most other species...
...other species of fungi are multicellular. The...
...bodies of multicellular fungi are constructed of...
...absorptive nutrition of fungi. The structure of...
...new territory. Most fungi are multicellular with...
...cell to cell. Fungi that lack septa,...
...lack septa, coenocytic fungi, consist of a...
...cytoplasmic division. Parasitic fungi usually have specialized...
...beneficial relationships between fungi and plant roots...
...called mycorrhizae. Mycorrhizal fungi can improve the...
...mycelial networks of fungi can effectively acquire...
...types of mycorrhizal fungi. Ectomycorrhizal fungi form...
...mycorrhizal fungi. Ectomycorrhizal fungi form sheaths of...
...cortex. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi extend their branching...
...seedlings with ectomycorrhizal fungi to promote seedling...
...growth. Concept 31.2 Fungi produce spores through...
...asexual life cycles. Fungi reproduce by producing...
...Sexual reproduction in fungi begins when hyphae...
...plasmogamy. In many fungi, the haploid nuclei...
...genes. In other fungi, the haploid nuclei...
...nuclei.” In many fungi with sexual life...
...cells. In most fungi, the zygotes of...
...asexual reproduction in fungi vary widely. Twenty...
...only asexually. Some fungi that can reproduce...
...sexual stage. Such fungi are called deuteromycetes,...
...deuteromycetes, or imperfect fungi. Whenever a sexual...
...its sexual structures. Fungi can be identified...
...techniques. Concept 31.3 Fungi descended from an...
...early evolution of fungi. Systematists recognize that...
...that the kingdoms Fungi and Animalia are...
...systematics suggests that fungi evolved from a...
...The lineages of fungi that diverged earliest...
...with animals and fungi possess flagella. DNA...
...data indicate that fungi, animals, and their...
...also indicate that fungi are more closely...
...the ancestor of fungi was unicellular. One...
...that animals and fungi evolved multicellularity independently....
...of animals and fungi diverged into separate...
...that the first fungi were unicellular and...
...closely related to fungi. Microsporidia are unicellular...
...closely related to fungi and may be...
...early-diverging lineage of fungi. Data from additional...
...whether microsporidia are fungi or a closely...
...related group of fungi. Fungi underwent an...
...group of fungi. Fungi underwent an adaptive...
...modern diversity of fungi may have originated...
...mutualistic relationship with fungi from the earliest...
...land. Concept 31.4 Fungi have radiated into...
...in fungal evolution. Fungi classified in the...
...others parasitize protists, fungi, plants, and animals....
...evolution. Like other fungi, chytrids use an...
...are unique among fungi in having flagellated...
...systematists thought that fungi lost flagella only...
...Ascomycetes are sac fungi that produce sexual...
...ascomycetes, or sac fungi, from a variety...
...are called sac fungi. Most ascomycetes bear...
...to elaborate cup fungi and morels. Some...
...processes in ascomycete fungi. Ascomycetes reproduce asexually...
...Basidiomycetes or club fungi have long-lived dikaryotic...
...mycelia. Approximately 30,000 fungi, including mushrooms and...
...mushrooms and shelf fungi, are called basidiomycetes...
...material. Of all fungi, the basidiomycetes are...
...away. Concept 31.5 Fungi play key roles...
...Ecosystems depend on fungi as decomposers and...
...decomposers and symbionts. Fungi are important decomposers...
...are exploring how fungi can be used...
...in bioremediation projects. Fungi and bacteria are...
...in organic matter. Fungi form symbiotic relationships...
...associations with mycorrhizal fungi. In addition, all...
...harbor symbiotic endophytes, fungi that live inside...
...endophytes are ascomycete fungi. Some endophytes produce...
...defending against pathogens. Fungi and animals may...
...mutualistic symbionts. Some fungi break down plant...
...and termites raise fungi in “farms” and...
...them leaves. The fungi break the leaves...
...insects and “farmed” fungi have been established...
...many cases, the fungi can no longer...
...photosynthetic microorganisms and fungi. Lichens are symbiotic...
...of all known fungi. In most lichens,...
...of minerals. The fungi of many lichens...
...air quality. Some fungi are pathogens. About...
...known species of fungi are pathogens or...
...throughout the world. Fungi are also serious...
...grain crops. Some fungi that attack food...
...susceptible to parasitic fungi than are plants....
...immunology allows the fungi to grow unchecked....
...to indoor molds. Fungi are commercially important....
...we receive from fungi in their roles...
...matter, we use fungi in a number...
...(basidiocarps) of subterranean fungi. Morels and truffles,...
...come from the fungi used to ripen...
...of all cultured fungi and is available...
...to medicine, some fungi produce antibiotics used...
...bleeding after childbirth. Fungi play an important...
...Saccharomyces. Genetically modified fungi are used to...
...many “white rot” fungi, in order to...

...plants, animals, or fungi. Concept 28.1 Most...
...now classified as fungi. One current hypothesis...
...once classified as fungi. Many oomycetes have...
...between oomycetes and fungi. Oomycetes have cell...
...closely related to fungi. Their superficial similarity...
...live symbiotically with fungi to form lichens,...
...closely related to fungi and animals. The...
...that includes animals, fungi, and some protists....
...that animals and fungi belong to an...
...once classed as fungi because they produce...
...that include animals, fungi, and several groups...
...closely related to fungi, and choanoflagellates, which...