...by which a signal on a cell’s...
...steps called a signal transduction pathway. The...
...similarities. Similarities in signal transduction pathways suggest...
...response to a signal, bacterial cells come...
...systems. An electrical signal along a nerve...
...carrying a chemical signal. The molecules diffuse...
...transmission of a signal through the nervous...
...signaling. An electrical signal travels the length...
...to a chemical signal when a signaling...
...to an electrical signal. In this way,...
...way, a nerve signal can travel along...
...signaling molecule? The signal must be recognized...
...this binding (the signal) must be changed...
...transmitting the epinephrine signal. Cell signaling involves...
...reception, a chemical signal binds to a...
...molecules along a signal transduction pathway. The...
...response, the transduced signal triggers a specific...
...11.2 Reception: A signal molecule binds to...
...a particular chemical signal has a receptor...
...that recognizes the signal molecule. Recognition occurs...
...occurs when the signal binds to a...
...shape to the signal. The signal molecule...
...the signal. The signal molecule behaves as...
...the cell. Most signal receptors are plasma...
...plasma membrane. Other signal receptors are located...
...the cell. Most signal receptors are plasma...
...bind many different signal molecules, including yeast...
...When the appropriate signal molecule binds to...
...when the extracellular signal molecule is no...
...to trigger several signal transduction pathways and...
...parts: an extracellular signal-molecule-binding site, a single...
...several tyrosines. The signal molecule binds to...
...shape. When a signal molecule binds as...
...trigger an electrical signal that propagates down...
...are intracellular. Intracellular signal receptors are found...
...bind to the signal molecules there. Many...
...greatly amplifies the signal. If some molecules...
...pathway transmit a signal to multiple molecules...
...of molecular interactions—the signal transduction pathway—that leads...
...within the cell. Signal transduction pathways act...
...falling dominoes. The signal-activated receptor activates another...
...that relay a signal from receptor to...
...regulation. The original signal molecule is not...
...cell. When the signal is relayed along...
...each step, the signal is transduced into...
...major mechanism of signal transduction. The phosphorylation...
...molecules in a signal transduction pathway are...
...turning off a signal transduction pathway belongs...
...turning off the signal transduction pathway when...
...when the initial signal is no longer...
...again to a signal. The phosphorylation/dephosphorylation system...
...When the extracellular signal molecule is absent,...
...shut down. Certain signal molecules and ions...
...that transmits the signal from the plasma...
...hormones and other signal molecules trigger the...
...use a different signal molecule to activate...
...GMP, prolonging the signal and increasing blood...
...target cells via signal transduction pathways that...
...the Ca2+ concentration. Signal transduction pathways trigger...
...protein in a signal transduction pathway. Because...
...nonprotein components of signal transduction pathways. Concept...
...activities Ultimately, a signal transduction pathway leads...
...the nucleus. A signal may cause the...
...the signaling molecule. Signal receptors and relay...
...multiple steps provide signal amplification, allow fine-tuning...
...can amplify the signal and thus the...
...termination of the signal. Elaborate enzyme cascades...
...response to a signal. At each catalytic...
...receive the same signal but produce very...
...cell to a signal depends on its...
...to the same signal differ in one...
...respond to the signal. Different pathways may...
...different responses. A signal may trigger a...
...as proteins, many signal pathways are linked...
...and accuracy of signal transfer between cells....
...disrupted. Binding of signal molecules to receptors...
...state when the signal is released. As...
...to a fresh signal. Concept 11.5 Apoptosis...
...absence of a signal promoting apoptosis. When...
...receives a death signal, the apoptotic pathway...
...on the particular signal that initiates apoptosis....
...transducing the apoptotic signal. At key gateways...
...apoptotic pathway. The signal may originate outside...
...cell. One alarm signal comes from the...

...growth and development. SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND PLANT...
...models for a signal-transduction pathway. Receptors are...
...1) Reception: the signal molecule binds to...
...binding of the signal causes a configurational...
...messengers. The extracellular signal is the "first...
...messenger." First messenger (signal) combines with receptors...
...experiments, that the signal was indeed a...
...name the chemical signal gibberellin. By the...
...to sugars. The signal from ethylene is...
...in order to signal transduction pathways that...
...charges. The mechanical signal of pulling or...
...only a local signal that causes the...

...signaling mechanisms. A. Signal Transduction and Plant...
...biochemical steps, a signal transduction pathway. This...
...initiates a specific signal-transduction pathway. 1. Signal-transduction...
...signal-transduction pathway. 1. Signal-transduction pathways link internal...
...plant receives a signal - in this...
...three stages of cell-signal processing: reception, transduction,...
...and amplify the signal from the receptor...
...role of this signal transduction pathway. Phytochrome...
...response. Ultimately, a signal-transduction pathway leads to...
...of new proteins. Signal pathways must also...
...once the initial signal is no longer...
...postulate that some signal was transmitted from...
...demonstrated that the signal was a mobile...
...very low concentrations. Signal transduction pathways amplify...
...amplify the hormonal signal many fold and...
...the primary internal signal that enables plants...
...to investigate the signal transduction pathways leading...
...ethylene synthesis. Ethylene signal transduction is permanently...
...The various ethylene signal-transduction mutants can be...
...regulator of ethylene signal transduction. One hypothesis...
...a gas, the signal to ripen even...
...engineering of ethylene signal transduction pathways have...
...but pervasive environmental signal. All research thus...
...not experienced this signal. Plants lacking leaves...
...that the flowering signal is a hormone...
...stimulation activates a signal-transduction pathway that increase...
...volatile chemicals that signal “news” of the...
...production of some “signal” molecule from the...
...This triggers a signal-transduction pathway leading to...

...cell. ii. A signal is communicated to...
...IDEA: A nerve signal travels along an...
...the synapse, the signal may be communicated...
...extension that carries signal from cell body...
...which the electrical signal travels. 4. End...
...2. The nerve signal is a temporary...
...an electrical nerve signal that is communicated...
...The receptor performs signal transduction, and converts...
...converts the stimulus signal into an electrical...
...into an electrical signal. c. The binding...
...action potential (electrical signal). Copyright © 2017...
...communicates the sensory signal to the brain....
...into an electrical signal sent to the...
...cells, triggering a signal to the brain....
...world. Action potential Signal transduction 11.22 The...
...charge as the signal. This is similar...
...to send a signal. A patch of...
...decodes the on/off signal because each axon...
...brain. If a signal arrives at a...
...holding. ? A signal traveling from a...
...Each receptor performs signal transduction. A chemoreceptor...
...smell because that signal comes only from...
...which a nerve signal travels. 11.21 Your...
...the process of signal transduction. This would...
...them. ??On your signal (a neurotransmitter released...

...take a radio signal to travel from...
...seconds after the signal is sent. How...
...for a television signal that is sent...
...assume that the signal goes straight up...

...use a chemical signal that acts over...
...convey information about signal strength. In hearing,...
...binding activates a signal transduction pathway involving...
...effect of the signal transduction pathway, the...
...neurons activates a signal transduction pathway. The...
...that operate via signal transduction pathways. The...

...is a chemical signal that is secreted...
...for a particular signal are target cells;...
...unresponsive to that signal. Signals are often...
...taken by the signal in reaching its...
...the extracellular chemical signal to a specific...
...response is called signal transduction. Signal transduction...
...called signal transduction. Signal transduction pathways involve...
...as a short-lived signal, or second messenger....
...of transducing a signal within a target...
...upon the hormone signal. For example, epinephrine...
...of receptors or signal transduction pathways. Target...
...its target cells. Signal transduction within target...
...secretes a third signal, juvenile hormone. As...
...GH is to signal the liver to...

...homologous. Concept 39.1 Signal transduction pathways link...
...transduction pathways link signal reception to response....
...biochemical steps, a signal transduction pathway, that...
...initiating a specific signal transduction pathway. Plant...
...plant receives a signal—in this case, light—and...
...three stages of cell-signal processing: reception, transduction,...
...and amplify the signal from the receptor...
...role in phytochrome signal transduction. The concentration...
...Ca2+. Ultimately, a signal transduction pathway leads...
...by which a signal promotes a new...
...on and off. Signal pathways must also...
...when the initial signal is no longer...
...to transport hormone-like signal molecules. Some plant...
...only locally. Some signal molecules in plants,...
...hormone. Nevertheless, these signal molecules are transported...
...plants and activate signal transduction pathways that...
...postulate that some signal was transmitted from...
...demonstrated that the signal was a mobile...
...very low concentrations. Signal transduction pathways amplify...
...amplify the hormonal signal many-fold and connect...
...cytokinin synthesis and signal transduction, but the...
...the roots would signal axillary buds to...
...the primary internal signal that enables plants...
...to investigate the signal transduction pathways leading...
...ethylene synthesis. Ethylene signal transduction is permanently...
...regulator of ethylene signal transduction. One hypothesis...
...a gas, the signal to ripen spreads...
...engineering of ethylene signal transduction pathways has...
...hormones and their signal transduction pathways. The...
...hormones and their signal transduction chains. Imagine...
...but pervasive environmental signal. All research thus...
...not experienced this signal. Plants that lack...
...to send this signal. The flowering signal,...
...signal. The flowering signal, called florigen, resisted...
...graft junction to signal flowering in the...
...Identification of the signal transduction pathways that...
...stimulation activates a signal transduction pathway that...
...volatile chemicals that signal “news” of the...
...R proteins triggers signal transduction pathways that...
...candidate for the signal mobilized from the...

...the cell by signal transduction pathways. Animal...
...receives a go-ahead signal at the G1...
...receive a go-ahead signal, the cell exits...
...kinases, triggering a signal transduction pathway that...
...sends a growth-inhibiting signal to both cells,...
...cells may secrete signal molecules that cause...

...by which a signal on a cell’s...
...steps called a signal transduction pathway. The...
...The similarities in signal transduction pathways suggest...
...response to a signal, bacterial cells come...
...transmission of a signal through the nervous...
...signaling. An electrical signal travels the length...
...to a chemical signal when a signaling...
...to an electrical signal. In this way,...
...way, a nerve signal can travel along...
...cell encounters a signal? The signal must...
...a signal? The signal must be recognized...
...it carries (the signal) must be changed...
...transmitting the epinephrine signal. Cell signaling involves...
...reception, a chemical signal binds to a...
...molecules along a signal transduction pathway. The...
...response, the transduced signal triggers a specific...
...11.2 Reception: A signal molecule binds to...
...a particular chemical signal has a receptor...
...that recognizes the signal molecule. Recognition occurs...
...occurs when the signal binds to a...
...shape to the signal. The signal molecule...
...the signal. The signal molecule behaves as...
...the case of signal transduction, binding of...
...to transmit the signal. Most signal receptors...
...the signal. Most signal receptors are plasma...
...plasma membrane. Other signal receptors are located...
...the cell. Most signal receptors are plasma...
...bind many different signal molecules, including yeast...
...When the appropriate signal molecule binds to...
...when the extracellular signal molecule is no...
...to trigger several signal transduction pathways and...
...parts: an extracellular signal-molecule-binding site, a single...
...several tyrosines. The signal molecule binds to...
...shape. When a signal molecule binds as...
...trigger an electrical signal that propagates down...
...are intracellular. Intracellular signal receptors are found...
...bind to the signal molecules there. Many...
...greatly amplifies the signal. If some molecules...
...pathway transmit a signal to multiple molecules...
...small number of signal molecules can produce...
...of molecular interactions—the signal transduction pathway—that leads...
...within the cell. Signal transduction pathways act...
...falling dominoes. The signal-activated receptor activates another...
...that relay a signal from receptor to...
...regulation. The original signal molecule is not...
...cell. When the signal is relayed along...
...each step, the signal is transduced into...
...major mechanism of signal transduction. The phosphorylation...
...molecules in a signal transduction pathway are...
...turning off a signal transduction pathway belongs...
...turning off the signal transduction pathway when...
...when the initial signal is no longer...
...again to a signal. At any given...
...When the extracellular signal molecule is absent,...
...as required. Certain signal molecules and ions...
...that transmits the signal from the plasma...
...hormones and other signal molecules trigger the...
...use a different signal molecule to activate...
...GMP, prolonging the signal and increasing blood...
...target cells via signal transduction pathways that...
...the Ca2+ concentration. Signal transduction pathways trigger...
...protein in a signal transduction pathway. Concept...
...transcription. Ultimately, a signal transduction pathway leads...
...the nucleus. A signal may cause the...
...the signaling molecule. Signal receptors and relay...
...multiple steps provide signal amplification, allow fine-tuning...
...They amplify the signal and thus the...
...termination of the signal. Elaborate enzyme cascades...
...response to a signal. At each catalytic...
...receive the same signal but produce very...
...cell to a signal depends on its...
...to the same signal differ in one...
...respond to the signal. Different pathways may...
...different responses. A signal may trigger a...
...as proteins, many signal pathways are linked...
...and efficiency of signal transfer between cells....
...disrupted. Binding of signal molecules to receptors...
...state when the signal is released. By...
...to a fresh signal. Concept 11.5 Apoptosis...
...absence of a signal promoting apoptosis. When...
...receives a death signal, the apoptotic pathway...
...on the particular signal that triggers apoptosis....
...apoptotic pathway. The signal may originate outside...
...cell. One alarm signal comes from the...