Psychology Introduction

Psychology Introduction Psychology is defined as the discipline concerned with a the study of all physical stimuli that affect human sensations and perceptions b behavior and mental processes and how they are affected by an organism s physical state mental state and external environment c the study of humankind and the importance of culture in explaining the diversity in human behavior d maladaptive human behaviors and cognitions that are incorporated into a person s self-worth during childhood Critical thinking requires a creativity for creating alternative explanations b treating all theories as equally valid c low tolerance for uncertainty d emotional reasoning Unlike modern psychologists great thinkers of the past a relied primarily on observations based on anecdotes and descriptions of individual cases b wanted to describe predict understand and modify behavior c relied heavily on empirical evidence d wanted to know what motivated people s actions established the first psychological laboratory in a Sigmund Freud b John Locke c William James d Wilhelm Wundt emphasized the purpose of behavior as opposed to its analysis and description a Structuralism b Functionalism c Humanism d Behaviorism founded the field of psychoanalysis a Sigmund Freud b William James c Wilhelm Wundt d E B Titchener Which modern psychological perspective focuses on how people reason remember understand language and solve problems a the learning perspective b the cognitive perspective c the sociocultural perspective d the psychodynamic perspective Observing violent role models can influence some children to behave aggressively themselves Which of the following psychological perspectives is this phenomenon an example of a behaviorist perspective b learning perspective c social-cognitive perspective d biological perspective Jacob studies how people change and grow over time physically mentally and socially He is a n psychologist a industrial organizational b developmental c educational d psychometric In almost all states a is required to obtain a license to practice clinical psychology a doctorate b master s degree c medical degree d certificate from a psychoanalytic institute Chapter Pop Quiz Answer Key b Rationale Psychology is the discipline concerned with understanding behavior and mental processes and how they are affected by an organism s physical state mental state and external environment The other choices are only a part of psychology Page Factual Easy LO a Rationale Critical thinking includes the ability to be creative and constructive the ability to come up with alternative rationales for events think of implications of research findings and apply new knowledge to social and personal problems It does not mean that all opinions are created equal and that everybody s beliefs are as good as anyone else s Page Conceptual Easy LO a Rationale Great thinkers of the past tended to rely on anecdotes and descriptions of individual cases rather than empirical evidence but they were similar to modern psychologists in wanting to describe predict understand and modify behavior and wanting to know what motivated behavior Page Factual Easy LO d Rationale Wilhelm Wundt is referred to as the father of modern scientific psychology because he established the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig in Page Factual Easy LO b Rationale Functionalism emphasized the purpose of behavior whereas structuralism examined the basic elements of the mind Page Conceptual Easy LO a Rationale Sigmund Freud was the founder of the field of psychoanalysis Wilhelm Wundt is referred to as the father of modern scientific psychology Page Factual Easy LO b Rationale The cognitive perspective focuses on understanding the processes the mind uses to know and understand the world Page Factual Moderate LO c Rationale Within the learning perspective social-cognitive theorists combine elements of behaviorism with research on thoughts values expectations and intentions They believe that people learn not only by adapting their behavior to the environment but also by observing and imitating others and by thinking about the events happening around them Page Conceptual Difficult LO b Rationale Developmental psychologists study how people change and grow over time physically mentally and socially Page Applied Easy LO a Rationale Most U S states require a doctoral degree to be licensed as a psychologist Page Factual Easy LO Name Chapter Pop Quiz Compared to pop psychology psychology a is based on empirical evidence b is less complex c addresses only human behavior d is narrower in the issues it addresses Which of the following is one of the critical-thinking guidelines described in the textbook a don t overthink go with your gut reaction b define your terms c accept all opinions as equally valid d simplify as much as possible Which of the following was a classic pseudoscientific theory that related bumps on the head to personality traits and did not disappear until well into the twentieth century a introspection b functionalism c phrenology d behaviorism The first person to announce that he intended to make psychology a science was a William James b Joseph Gall c John Locke d Wilhelm Wundt involved the analysis of the basic elements or building blocks of the mind a Functionalism b Structuralism c Humanism d Behaviorism The founder of functionalism was a Sigmund Freud b William James c Wilhelm Wundt d E B Titchener Which of the following approaches was popular during the early days of modern psychology a the structuralist perspective b the cognitive-biological perspective c the feminist perspective d the sociocultural perspective Which of the following is true about the professional activities of psychologists a All psychologists see patients b Some psychologists serve as consultants to governments or businesses c Psychology researchers are not allowed to do work in nonacademic settings d Psychology researchers are not allowed to provide counseling services in a mental health setting A major point of difference between basic research and applied research is that a basic research involves experimentation and applied research involves psychiatry b basic research studies physical processes and applied research studies mental processes c basic research studies only humans whereas applied research studies both animals and human beings d basic research is done to acquire knowledge and applied research is done to solve practical problems A is a medical doctor who diagnoses and treats mental disorders and takes a more biological approach than other psychotherapists a psychiatrist b psychoanalyst c LCSW d MFCC Chapter Pop Quiz Answer Key a Rationale Psychology the science you re learning about in this course as opposed to pop psychology is strongly based on empirical evidence Page Factual Easy LO b Rationale Defining terms is one of the eight important critical thinking guidelines Vague or poorly defined terms in a question can lead to misleading or incomplete answers or cause terrible misunderstandings Page Factual Easy LO c Rationale Phrenology is a pseudoscientific theory that relates bumps on the head to personality traits Enthusiasm for phrenology did not disappear until the twentieth century Page Factual Easy LO d Rationale Wilhelm Wundt in was the first person to publicly state his intention to make psychology a science Page Factual Easy LO b Rationale Structuralism focused on describing the basic elements that composed the mind and functionalism emphasized the purpose of behavior Pages Factual Easy LO b Rationale William James was the leader and main proponent of the functionalist school of thought in psychology Page Factual Easy LO a Rationale The structuralist perspective is of historical interest and is not a modern perspective in psychology The other perspectives listed developed later Page Factual Easy LO b Rationale Some psychologists conduct research or apply its findings in nonacademic settings such as business sports government law and the military A university professor might teach do research and serve as a consultant Page Factual Moderate LO d Rationale Basic research focuses on the acquisition of knowledge whereas applied research attempts to use that basic knowledge to solve human problems Page Conceptual Easy LO a Rationale A psychiatrist is a medical doctor who has done a three-year residency in psychiatry to learn how to diagnose and treat mental disorders Page Factual Easy LO Multiple Choice Questions Psychology is defined as the discipline concerned with a the study of all physical stimuli that affect human sensations and perceptions b behavior and mental processes and how they are affected by an organism s physical state mental state and external environment c the study of humankind and the importance of culture in explaining the diversity in human behavior d maladaptive human behaviors and cognitions that are incorporated into a person s self-worth during childhood Section Psychology Pseudoscience and Popular Opinion Page s Answer b LO Distinguish the primary ways that psychology differs from pseudoscience psychobabble popular opinion and plain old common sense Rationale Psychology is the discipline concerned with understanding behavior and mental processes and how they are affected by an organism s physical state mental state and external environment The other choices are only a part of psychology Compared to pop psychology psychology a is based on empirical evidence b is less complex c addresses only human behavior d is narrower in the issues it addresses Section Psychology Pseudoscience and Popular Opinion Page s Answer a LO Distinguish the primary ways that psychology differs from pseudoscience psychobabble popular opinion and plain old common sense Rationale Psychology the science you re learning about in this course as opposed to pop psychology is strongly based on empirical evidence Psychobabble is a an innate mental module that allows young children to develop communication skills b a pseudoscience covered by a veneer of psychological language c incoherent speech linked by remote associations called word salads d a child s first word combinations which omit unnecessary words Section Psychology Pseudoscience and Popular Opinion Page s Answer b LO Distinguish the primary ways that psychology differs from pseudoscience psychobabble popular opinion and plain old common sense Rationale Pseudoscientific information that is made to sound credible with scientific-sounding language is jokingly referred to as psychobabble in the textbook Psychobabble is not real psychology Which of the following best describes the academic field of psychology a It is restricted to the study of mental and emotional disorders personal problems and psychotherapy b It is restricted to the study of humans c Its approach is similar to popular psychology d It is the study of not just exceptional experiences but also commonplace ones Section Psychology Pseudoscience and Popular Opinion Page s Answer d LO Distinguish the primary ways that psychology differs from pseudoscience psychobabble popular opinion and plain old common sense Rationale Psychologists are as likely to study commonplace experiences rearing children gossiping remembering a shopping list daydreaming making love and making a living as exceptional ones Scientific psychology actually addresses a broader range of issues than does pop psych Real psychology differs from popular psychology and its pseudoscientific relatives in that it is based on a popular opinion b the ideas of prominent psychoanalysts c empirical evidence d the latest theories Section Psychology Pseudoscience and Popular Opinion Page s Answer c LO Distinguish the primary ways that psychology differs from pseudoscience psychobabble popular opinion and plain old common sense Rationale Psychology is based on scientific research and empirical evidence not on opinions ideas or random theories Empirical findings are those that a rely on observation experimentation or measurement b characterize an entire set of research data c are conducted in a field setting outside of a laboratory d compare subjects of different ages at a given time Section Psychology Pseudoscience and Popular Opinion Page s Answer a LO Distinguish the primary ways that psychology differs from pseudoscience psychobabble popular opinion and plain old common sense Rationale Empirical findings are gathered by careful observation experimentation and measurement It is not necessary that such experimentation needs to be conducted in a field setting or a laboratory Which of the following would give the most accurate view of psychology a hearing a radio call-in show facilitated by a therapist b searching the Internet to see what the popular opinion is on when to begin toilet training an infant c reading a self-help book about how to get over a breakup d reading a newspaper article on the causes of bullying which describes some of the current research evidence Section Psychology Pseudoscience and Popular Opinion Page s Answer d LO Distinguish the primary ways that psychology differs from pseudoscience psychobabble popular opinion and plain old common sense Rationale Real psychology bears little relation to popular psychology and its pseudoscientific relatives found on the Internet on television and in thousands of self-help books It is based on scientific research and empirical evidence Which of the following helps explain why so many people go to psychics a There is empirical evidence that some psychic predictions are accurate b Seeing a psychic is cheaper than seeing a therapist c Belief in psychic abilities gives people a sense of control and predictability d Psychics use subliminal messaging to manipulate people s beliefs Section Psychology Pseudoscience and Popular Opinion Page s Answer c LO Distinguish the primary ways that psychology differs from pseudoscience psychobabble popular opinion and plain old common sense Rationale Although there is no evidence that psychic abilities exist belief in psychic powers persists One reason may be that psychics give people a sense of control and predictability in a confusing world The ability to make judgments on the basis of well-supported reasons rather than emotion or anecdote is called a applied psychology b critical thinking c functionalism d introspection Section Thinking Critically and Creatively about Psychology Page s Answer b LO Define critical thinking and give an example that applies to something you ll learn about in introductory psychology Rationale Critical thinking by definition is the ability and willingness to assess claims and make objective judgments on the basis of well-supported reasons and evidence rather than emotion and anecdote Critical thinking involves a pessimistic thinking when trying to solve a problem b using one s intuition to assess claims made by researchers c using evidence to make objective judgments d detecting emotional cues to find hidden agendas in research Section Thinking Critically and Creatively about Psychology Page s Answer c LO Define critical thinking and give an example that applies to something you ll learn about in introductory psychology Rationale Critical thinking is the ability and willingness to assess claims and make objective judgments on the basis of well-supported reasons and evidence rather than emotion and anecdote Pessimism emotional cues and intuition do not help in critical thinking Critical thinking requires a creativity for creating alternative explanations b treating all theories as equally valid c low tolerance for uncertainty d emotional reasoning Section Thinking Critically and Creatively about Psychology Page s Answer a LO Define critical thinking and give an example that applies to something you ll learn about in introductory psychology Rationale Critical thinking includes the ability to be creative and constructive the ability to come up with alternative rationales for events think of implications of research findings and apply new knowledge to social and personal problems Open-mindedness is good but does not mean that all opinions are created equal and that everybody s beliefs are as good as anyone else s Critical thinking gives importance to a emotional reasoning b commonsense statements c looking for flaws in claims and arguments d accepting all opinions as having equal merit Section Thinking Critically and Creatively about Psychology Page s Answer c LO Define critical thinking and give an example that applies to something you ll learn about in introductory psychology Rationale Critical thinkers are able to look for flaws in arguments and to resist claims that have no support Which of the following is one of the critical-thinking guidelines described in the textbook a don t overthink go with your gut reaction b define your terms c accept all opinions as equally valid d simplify as much as possible Section Thinking Critically and Creatively about Psychology Page s Answer b LO List eight important critical thinking guidelines and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology Rationale Defining terms is one of the eight important critical thinking guidelines Vague or poorly defined terms in a question can lead to misleading or incomplete answers or cause terrible misunderstandings Which of the following is one of the eight essential critical-thinking guidelines a accept generalizations b express intolerance for uncertainty c examine the evidence d practice emotional reasoning Section Thinking Critically and Creatively about Psychology Page s Answer c LO List eight important critical thinking guidelines and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology Rationale A critical thinker always questions the evidence that supports or refutes an argument and its opposition Critical thinkers try to a use anecdotes to support their arguments b base their arguments on emotional convictions c identify unspoken assumptions d avoid uncertainty at all costs Section Thinking Critically and Creatively about Psychology Page s Answer c LO List eight important critical thinking guidelines and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology Rationale One of the eight critical thinking guidelines is to analyze assumptions and biases Critical thinkers try to identify and evaluate the unspoken assumptions on which claims and arguments may rest Beliefs that are taken for granted are called a assumptions b traits c reinforcers d archetypes Section Thinking Critically and Creatively about Psychology Page s Answer a LO List eight important critical thinking guidelines and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology Rationale An assumption is a belief that is taken for granted Critical thinkers analyze their assumptions and those of others Which of the following statements best demonstrates this skill a My boss won t let me work from home but her decision is based on the belief that employees are more productive at the office b I think my girlfriend is cheating on me but I m too angry right now to think logically c It s OK to admit that I don t know the answer when my son asks me a question d There s probably no single reason why people commit crimes Section Thinking Critically and Creatively about Psychology Page s Answer a LO List eight important critical thinking guidelines and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology Rationale All of the statements reflect good critical thinking skills but only the statement about working from home involves analyzing an assumption Specifically the employee has concluded that the boss s decision is based on a specific assumption that may or may not be correct I really want to believe that my vague recollection of an incident that occurred at Disneyland as a preschooler is true but that doesn t mean that it is true Which of the following critical thinking guidelines does this example illustrate a examine the evidence b define your terms c don t oversimplify d avoid emotional reasoning Section Thinking Critically and Creatively about Psychology Answer d LO List eight important critical thinking guidelines and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology Rationale Wanting to believe something is an emotional factor The speaker is trying to avoid emotional reasoning here There is no clear evidence here that can be examined Which of the following would be an example of argument by anecdote a My gut feeling is that it isn t the right time to get married b I know that marriage doesn t work out because both of my uncles ended up divorced and alone c That is my opinion and nothing is going to change my mind d What evidence is there to support your claim Section Thinking Critically and Creatively about Psychology Answer b LO List eight important critical thinking guidelines and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology Rationale Generalizing from a personal experience or from a few examples to everyone is a type of oversimplification known as argument by anecdote Critical thinkers should approach psychology textbooks as a being almost entirely correct b an opportunity to generate alternative explanations c being almost entirely incorrect d a way to reduce uncertainties Section Thinking Critically and Creatively about Psychology Answer b LO List eight important critical thinking guidelines and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology Rationale Critical thinkers do not assume that theories or facts are either correct or incorrect Instead they consider other interpretations before deciding on the most likely one Critical thinking also requires tolerating uncertainty My memory of getting knocked down by a wave at Newport Beach could be based on what my parents told me later not on my own recollection Which of the following critical thinking guidelines does this example illustrate a define your terms b avoid emotional reasoning c consider other interpretations d don t oversimplify Section Thinking Critically and Creatively about Psychology Answer c LO List eight important critical thinking guidelines and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology Rationale This is an example of considering other possible interpretations Randy meets a Californian who grows his own vegetables and refuses to eat nonorganic food Randy concludes that Californians are overzealous about nutrition This type of error illustrates the importance of which critical thinking guideline a don t oversimplify b tolerate uncertainty c avoid emotional reasoning d examine the evidence Section Thinking Critically and Creatively about Psychology Answer a LO List eight important critical thinking guidelines and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology Rationale This is an example of argument by anecdote or generalizing from a personal experience a common form of oversimplification Randy bases his statement on only one anecdote I may never know for sure whether some of my childhood memories are real or accurate Which of the following critical thinking guidelines does this example illustrate a avoid emotional reasoning b don t oversimplify c tolerate uncertainty d ask questions and be willing to wonder Section Thinking Critically and Creatively about Psychology Page s Answer c LO List eight important critical thinking guidelines and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology Rationale Critical thinkers are willing to accept a state of uncertainty when there is little or no evidence the evidence permits only tentative conclusions or the evidence seems strong only until new evidence throws beliefs into disarray In their research studies contemporary psychologists rely heavily upon a empirical evidence b anecdotes from personal experience c individual case descriptions d phrenology Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer a LO Explain the circumstances under which the first psychological laboratory was established Rationale Unlike pre-psychology scholars modern psychology researchers rely heavily on empirical evidence In contrast to modern psychologists ancient scholars explored human nature primarily through a empirical evidence b experimentation c trained introspection d insights inferred from anecdotes Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer d LO Explain the circumstances under which the first psychological laboratory was established Rationale Contemporary psychologists rely heavily on empirical evidence whereas the great thinkers of history relied more on observations based on anecdotes or the descriptions of a few individuals Unlike modern psychologists great thinkers of the past a relied primarily on observations based on anecdotes and descriptions of individual cases b wanted to describe predict understand and modify behavior c relied heavily on empirical evidence d wanted to know what motivated people s actions Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer a LO Explain the circumstances under which the first psychological laboratory was established Rationale Great thinkers of the past tended to rely on anecdotes and descriptions of individual cases rather than empirical evidence but they were similar to modern psychologists in wanting to describe predict understand and modify behavior and wanting to know what motivated behavior A difference between the great thinkers of history and today s psychologists is that a modern psychologists want to describe predict understand and modify behavior b modern psychologists rely heavily on empirical evidence c modern psychologists wonder whether emotion controls us or is something we can control d modern psychologists want to know how people take in information through their senses and use that information to solve problems Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer b LO Explain the circumstances under which the first psychological laboratory was established Rationale Modern psychologists rely strongly on empirical evidence whereas the great thinkers of the past tended to rely on anecdotes and descriptions of individual cases The other choices are similarities between modern psychologists and great historical thinkers A manuscript on human nature is discovered and scientists confirm that it is the work of an ancient scholar In this manuscript human nature is most likely explored through a empirical evidence b experimentation c trained introspection d insights inferred from anecdotes Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer d LO Explain the circumstances under which the first psychological laboratory was established Rationale Contemporary psychologists rely heavily on empirical evidence whereas some of the great thinkers of history relied more on observations based on anecdotes or on descriptions of a few individuals The formal discipline of psychology as we know it today began a in Ancient Greece b in the Middle Ages c in the s d in the s Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer d LO Explain the circumstances under which the first psychological laboratory was established Rationale Psychology was not a formal discipline until the late s had inferred that the brain is the ultimate source of all pleasures and sorrows long before it was verified and he is now known as the father of modern medicine a Hippocrates b Wilhelm Wundt c Sigmund Freud d John Locke Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer a LO Explain the circumstances under which the first psychological laboratory was established Rationale Hippocrates known as the founder of modern medicine observed patients with head injuries and inferred that the brain must be the ultimate source of our pleasures as well as sorrows The forerunners of psychology developed the theory of phrenology which in Greek means a a map of thoughts b a map of behavior c study of the mind d study of mental diseases Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer c LO Explain the circumstances under which the first psychological laboratory was established Rationale Phrenology is a Greek word meaning the study of the mind Phrenology a is a modern perspective in psychology b is the study of the thought processes and behaviors of criminals c is a theory arguing that the mind works by associating ideas arising from experiences d is a pseudoscience relating the bumps on one s head to personality traits Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer d LO Explain the circumstances under which the first psychological laboratory was established Rationale Phrenology is a discredited theory that relates bumps on the head to personality traits Andie claims that phrenology is a pseudoscience and not a true science Which of the following statements supports her claim a When phrenologists found large stealing bumps on the head of a person who was not a thief they concluded that other positive bumps held this characteristic in check b Most of the phrenologists received inadequate training in the analysis of head bumps and so there were variations in their predictions c Phrenologists relied heavily on the theories of Charles Darwin and yet they could not link the bumps to evolutionary adaptation d When bumps did not accurately explain a person s characteristics the phrenologists explained the contradiction by hypothesizing traumatic childhood experiences Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer a LO Explain the circumstances under which the first psychological laboratory was established Rationale Phrenologists explained inconsistencies by claiming the existence of other traits that counteracted the inconsistency This suggests that the phrenologists did not challenge their beliefs when the empirical evidence conflicted with them Which of the following was a classic pseudoscientific theory that related bumps on the head to personality traits and did not disappear until well into the twentieth century a introspection b functionalism c phrenology d behaviorism Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer c LO Explain the circumstances under which the first psychological laboratory was established Rationale Phrenology is a pseudoscientific theory that relates bumps on the head to personality traits Enthusiasm for phrenology did not disappear until the twentieth century Sam a business-owner sought the help of a friend to find out which employees were likely to be loyal and honest if hired The friend examined the bumps on the heads of all applicants and gave Sam a list of the employees he should hire Sam s friend is a a sociologist b alchemist c psychiatrist d phrenologist Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer d LO Explain the circumstances under which the first psychological laboratory was established Rationale Phrenology is a pseudoscientific theory that relates bumps on the head to personality traits established the first psychological laboratory in a Sigmund Freud b John Locke c William James d Wilhelm Wundt Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Answer d LO Explain the circumstances under which the first psychological laboratory was established Rationale Wilhelm Wundt is referred to as the father of modern scientific psychology because he established the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig in The first psychological laboratory was officially established by Wilhelm Wundt in a America b Holland c Germany d Russia Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Answer c LO Explain the circumstances under which the first psychological laboratory was established Rationale In the first psychological laboratory was officially established in Leipzig Germany by Wilhelm Wundt The first person to announce that he intended to make psychology a science was a William James b Joseph Gall c John Locke d Wilhelm Wundt Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer d LO Explain the circumstances under which the first psychological laboratory was established Rationale Wilhelm Wundt in was the first person to publicly state his intention to make psychology a science is revered by psychologists because he was the first person to announce that he intended to make psychology a science a Wilhelm Wundt b William James c Sigmund Freud d Joseph Gall Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer a LO Explain the circumstances under which the first psychological laboratory was established Rationale Psychologists especially revere Wilhelm Wundt because he was the first person to announce that he intended to make psychology a science and because his laboratory was the first to have its results published in a scholarly journal Wilhelm Wundt is known for a initiating the movement to make psychology a science b developing eight guidelines for critical thinking c establishing phrenology as a science d training doctors to treat mental illness Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer a LO Explain the circumstances under which the first psychological laboratory was established Rationale Wilhelm Wundt was the first person to announce that he intended to make psychology a science His laboratory was the first to have its results published in a scholarly journal is revered by psychologists because his laboratory was the first to have its results published in a scholarly journal a Ren Descartes b Aristotle c Sigmund Freud d Wilhelm Wundt Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer d LO Explain the circumstances under which the first psychological laboratory was established Rationale Psychologists especially revere Wilhelm Wundt because he was the first person to announce that he intended to make psychology a science and because his laboratory was the first to have its results published in a scholarly journal Researchers in Wilhelm Wundt s laboratory studied a phrenology b psychology c sociology d chemistry Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer b LO Explain the circumstances under which the first psychological laboratory was established Rationale The Leipzig laboratory set up by Wilhelm Wundt became the go-to place for anyone who wanted to become a psychologist Your textbook discusses a famous laboratory set up in Leipzig Germany in The goal of this laboratory was the study of a psychology b phrenology c sociology d chemistry Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer a LO Explain the circumstances under which the first psychological laboratory was established Rationale The Leipzig laboratory set up by Wilhelm Wundt became the go-to place for anyone who wanted to become a psychologist The research method used by Wilhelm Wundt in which volunteers were taught to carefully observe analyze and describe their own sensations mental images and emotional reactions is called a critical thinking b trained introspection c experimentation d conceptual proliferation Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer b LO Explain the circumstances under which the first psychological laboratory was established Rationale Trained introspection was the research method popularly used by Wilhelm Wundt in which volunteers were taught to carefully observe analyze and describe their own sensations mental images and emotional reactions The goal of trained introspection was to break down behavior into its most basic elements much as a chemist might break down water into hydrogen plus oxygen The goal of trained introspection a research method in psychology popularized by Wilhelm Wundt was to a break down behaviors into their most basic elements b determine the strongest character trait in an individual c learn by listening intently to individuals with psychological disorders d feel bumps on a person s head and accurately determine character traits Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer a LO Explain the circumstances under which the first psychological laboratory was established Rationale Trained introspection was the research method popularly used by Wilhelm Wundt in which volunteers were taught to carefully observe analyze and describe their own sensations mental images and emotional reactions The goal of trained introspection was to break down behavior into its most basic elements much as a chemist might break down water into hydrogen plus oxygen is a research method popularized by Wilhelm Wundt in which trained volunteers take as long as minutes to report their inner experiences during a -second experiment a Conceptual proliferation b Critical thinking c Experimentation d Trained introspection Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer d LO Explain the circumstances under which the first psychological laboratory was established Rationale Once trained volunteers might take as long as minutes to report their inner experiences during a -second experiment in the case of trained introspection Most psychologists eventually rejected the method of trained introspection in psychological research as being too a objective b subjective c expensive d time-consuming Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer b LO Explain the circumstances under which the first psychological laboratory was established Rationale Most psychologists eventually rejected trained introspection because they found the method highly subjective In America Wilhelm Wundt s ideas were popularized by one of his students E B Titchener who gave Wundt s approach the name a structuralism b psychoanalysis c functionalism d behaviorism Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer a LO Compare the three early psychologies of structuralism functionalism and psychoanalysis and identify the major thinkers who promoted each of these schools of thought Rationale E B Titchener popularized Wundt s methods in America and gave Wundt s approach the name structuralism In America Wilhelm Wundt s ideas were popularized by one of his students who gave Wundt s approach the name structuralism a Sigmund Freud b John Watson c William James d E B Titchener Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer d LO Compare the three early psychologies of structuralism functionalism and psychoanalysis and identify the major thinkers who promoted each of these schools of thought Rationale E B Titchener popularized Wundt s methods in America and gave Wundt s approach the name structuralism Which of the following approaches was popular during the early days of modern psychology a the structuralist perspective b the cognitive perspective c the feminist perspective d the sociocultural perspective Section Psychology s Present The Four Perspectives of Psychological Science Page s Answer a LO Compare the three early psychologies of structuralism functionalism and psychoanalysis and identify the major thinkers who promoted each of these schools of thought Rationale The structuralist perspective is of historical interest and is not a modern perspective in psychology The other perspectives listed developed later Which school of thought in psychology used the method of trained introspection in research studies a phrenology b structuralism c functionalism d psychoanalysis Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer b LO Compare the three early psychologies of structuralism functionalism and psychoanalysis and identify the major thinkers who promoted each of these schools of thought Rationale E B Titchener popularized Wundt s method of introspection in America and gave Wundt s approach the name structuralism Which school of thought in psychology hoped to analyze sensations images and feelings into basic elements a phrenology b structuralism c functionalism d psychoanalysis Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer b LO Compare the three early psychologies of structuralism functionalism and psychoanalysis and identify the major thinkers who promoted each of these schools of thought Rationale E B Titchener popularized Wundt s methods in America and gave Wundt s approach the name structuralism The goal of structuralism was to identify the basic elements of the mind A person is asked to break down all the different components of taste when biting into an orange Which of the following schools of psychology is this research most likely a part of a psychoanalysis b functionalism c behaviorism d structuralism Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer d LO Compare the three early psychologies of structuralism functionalism and psychoanalysis and identify the major thinkers who promoted each of these schools of thought Rationale Breaking down the different components of a perception such as taste was the goal of structuralism A person is asked to look at an apple and then describe the various elements that make up her perception e g color shape size etc Which of the following schools of psychology is this research most likely a part of a psychoanalysis b functionalism c behaviorism d structuralism Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer d LO Compare the three early psychologies of structuralism functionalism and psychoanalysis and identify the major thinkers who promoted each of these schools of thought Rationale Breaking down the different components of a perception such as taste was the goal of structuralism In this example the subject is asked to break down his or her visual perception of an apple into its elemental components involved the analysis of the basic elements or building blocks of the mind a Functionalism b Structuralism c Humanism d Behaviorism Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer b LO Compare the three early psychologies of structuralism functionalism and psychoanalysis and identify the major thinkers who promoted each of these schools of thought Rationale Structuralism focused on describing the basic elements that composed the mind and functionalism emphasized the purpose of behavior Reliance on introspection got structuralists into trouble because a despite their training introspectors often produced conflicting reports b they failed to generate an intensive program of research c they emphasized the purpose of behavior as opposed to its analysis and description d trained introspection was rejected as being too objective Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer a LO Compare the three early psychologies of structuralism functionalism and psychoanalysis and identify the major thinkers who promoted each of these schools of thought Rationale One reason for the demise of structuralism is that introspection often produced conflicting reports emphasized the purpose of behavior as opposed to its analysis and description a Structuralism b Functionalism c Psychoanalysis d Behaviorism Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer b LO Compare the three early psychologies of structuralism functionalism and psychoanalysis and identify the major thinkers who promoted each of these schools of thought Rationale Functionalism emphasized the purpose of behavior whereas structuralism examined the basic elements of the mind Who of the following was a famous functionalist a William James b Wilhelm Wundt c Sigmund Freud d E B Titchener Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer a LO Compare the three early psychologies of structuralism functionalism and psychoanalysis and identify the major thinkers who promoted each of these schools of thought Rationale One of functionalism s leaders was William James an American philosopher physician and psychologist E B Titchener popularized Wundt s methods in America and gave Wundt s approach the name structuralism The founder of functionalism was a Sigmund Freud b William James c Wilhelm Wundt d E B Titchener Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer b LO Compare the three early psychologies of structuralism functionalism and psychoanalysis and identify the major thinkers who promoted each of these schools of thought Rationale William James was the leader and founder of the functionalist school of thought in psychology Several middle-school girls watch their classmates Jon and Jason engage in a rough-and-tumble wrestling match The attention of the girls seems to intensify the boys play A psychologist trained in the functionalist school would wonder a What are the most basic elements of the boys behavior b Do these boys have smaller head bumps devoted to cautiousness than most boys c What is the purpose of rough-and-tumble play in the adaptive changes of early adolescence d Did these boys experience childhood traumas that unconsciously cause aggression Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer c LO Compare the three early psychologies of structuralism functionalism and psychoanalysis and identify the major thinkers who promoted each of these schools of thought Rationale Functionalism emphasized the function or purpose of a specific behavior in this case rough-and-tumble play had the opinion that searching for building blocks of experience was a waste of time because the brain and the mind are constantly changing a William James b Wilhelm Wundt c Sigmund Freud d E B Titchener Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer a LO Compare the three early psychologies of structuralism functionalism and psychoanalysis and identify the major thinkers who promoted each of these schools of thought Rationale William James did not agree with the approach of structuralists arguing that searching for the building blocks of experience as Wundt and Titchener tried to do was a waste of time because the brain and the mind are constantly changing argued that searching for building blocks of experience was a waste of time because the brain and the mind are constantly changing a Functionalists b Structuralists c Psychoanalysts d Fundamentalists Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer a LO Compare the three early psychologies of structuralism functionalism and psychoanalysis and identify the major thinkers who promoted each of these schools of thought Rationale William James a functionalist argued that searching for building blocks of experience as Wundt and Titchener tried to do was a waste of time because the brain and the mind are constantly changing Which of the following questions is a structuralist most likely to ask a What happens when an organism sleeps b How does an organism sleep c Why does an organism sleep d When does an organism sleep Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer a LO Compare the three early psychologies of structuralism functionalism and psychoanalysis and identify the major thinkers who promoted each of these schools of thought Rationale Where the structuralists asked what happens when an organism does something the functionalists asked how and why wanted to know how specific behaviors and mental processes help a person or animal adapt to the environment so they looked for the underlying causes and practical consequences of these behaviors and processes a Rationalists b Structuralists c Fundamentalists d Functionalists Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer d LO Compare the three early psychologies of structuralism functionalism and psychoanalysis and identify the major thinkers who promoted each of these schools of thought Rationale Functionalism emphasized the function or purpose of behavior and was inspired by Darwin s theory of how species adapt to their environment Which of the following schools of psychological thought was influenced by the evolutionary theories of Charles Darwin a phrenology b structuralism c functionalism d psychoanalysis Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer c LO Compare the three early psychologies of structuralism functionalism and psychoanalysis and identify the major thinkers who promoted each of these schools of thought Rationale Functionalism was strongly influenced by the theories of Charles Darwin who argued that a biologist s job is not merely to describe say the puffed-out chest of a pigeon or the drab markings of a lizard but also to figure out how these attributes enhance survival Which school of thought in psychology tried to explain how specific behaviors and mental processes help a person adapt to the environment a phrenology b structuralism c functionalism d psychiatry Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer c LO Compare the three early psychologies of structuralism functionalism and psychoanalysis and identify the major thinkers who promoted each of these schools of thought Rationale Functionalism focused on explaining the purpose of behavior and the way various behaviors allow an organism to adapt to the environment first broadened the field of psychology to include the study of children animals religious experiences and the stream of consciousness a Rationalists b Functionalists c Fundamentalists d Structuralists Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer b LO Compare the three early psychologies of structuralism functionalism and psychoanalysis and identify the major thinkers who promoted each of these schools of thought Rationale Functionalists felt free to pick and choose among many methods and they broadened the field of psychology to include the study of children animals religious experiences and what William James called the stream of consciousness set the course of psychological science by emphasizing the causes and consequences of behavior a Functionalists b Rationalists c Fundamentalists d Structuralists Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer a LO Compare the three early psychologies of structuralism functionalism and psychoanalysis and identify the major thinkers who promoted each of these schools of thought Rationale Functionalists wanted to know how specific behaviors and mental processes help a person or animal adapt to the environment so they looked for the underlying causes and practical consequences of these behaviors and processes This approach outlived functionalism and continues to be important founded the field of psychoanalysis a Sigmund Freud b William James c Wilhelm Wundt d E B Titchener Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer a LO Compare the three early psychologies of structuralism functionalism and psychoanalysis and identify the major thinkers who promoted each of these schools of thought Rationale Sigmund Freud was the founder of the field of psychoanalysis Wilhelm Wundt is referred to as the father of modern scientific psychology Which school of thought in psychology emphasized the importance of the unconscious mind a phrenology b structuralism c functionalism d psychoanalysis Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer d LO Compare the three early psychologies of structuralism functionalism and psychoanalysis and identify the major thinkers who promoted each of these schools of thought Rationale Psychoanalysis is a theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy originally formulated by Sigmund Freud that emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts The was the forerunner of modern cognitive therapies and made efforts to correct the false ideas that were said to make people anxious depressed and unhappy a learning revolution b sociocultural revolution c Mind Cure movement d functional movement Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer c LO Compare the three early psychologies of structuralism functionalism and psychoanalysis and identify the major thinkers who promoted each of these schools of thought Rationale The Mind Cure movement was the forerunner of modern cognitive therapies and made efforts to correct the false ideas that were said to make people anxious depressed and unhappy concluded that his patients distress was due to conflicts and emotional traumas that had occurred in their early childhood and that were too threatening to be remembered consciously a Wilhelm Wundt b William James c Sigmund Freud d E B Titchener Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer c LO Compare the three early psychologies of structuralism functionalism and psychoanalysis and identify the major thinkers who promoted each of these schools of thought Rationale Sigmund Freud became convinced that many of his patients symptoms had mental not physical causes He attributed the symptoms to unconscious memories motives and conflicts Which of the following statements is true about Sigmund Freud a The Mind Cure Movement is Sigmund Freud s first book b Sigmund Freud argued that many of his patients had symptoms due to physical rather than mental causes c Sigmund Freud s concepts had a profound influence on the philosophy literature and art of the twentieth century d Sigmund Freud s concepts were widely accepted by the scientific community especially by empirically oriented psychologists Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer c LO Compare the three early psychologies of structuralism functionalism and psychoanalysis and identify the major thinkers who promoted each of these schools of thought Rationale Freud had a profound influence on philosophy literature and art even though his concepts were not readily accepted by the scientific community According to Sigmund Freud his patients distress was due to conflicts and emotional traumas that had occurred in their early childhood and that were too threatening to be remembered consciously The ideas of formed the basis for psychoanalysis an important school of psychological thought a Wilhelm Wundt b William James c Sigmund Freud d Joseph Gall Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer c LO Compare the three early psychologies of structuralism functionalism and psychoanalysis and identify the major thinkers who promoted each of these schools of thought Rationale The ideas of Sigmund Freud evolved into a broad theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy both of which became known as psychoanalysis Which of the following is a theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy emphasizing unconscious motives and conflicts a functionalism b phrenology c structuralism d psychoanalysis Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer d LO Compare the three early psychologies of structuralism functionalism and psychoanalysis and identify the major thinkers who promoted each of these schools of thought Rationale Psychoanalysis is both a theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy emphasizing the role of the unconscious mind in influencing behavior Psychoanalysis is a a theory of personality which emphasizes the awareness of one s own cognitive processes b a theory of personality which emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts c a method of psychotherapy in which an observer carefully records and interprets behavior without interfering with the behavior d a method of psychotherapy which emphasizes how maladaptive behaviors are learned through imitations of others and through cognitive expectations Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer b LO Compare the three early psychologies of structuralism functionalism and psychoanalysis and identify the major thinkers who promoted each of these schools of thought Rationale Psychoanalysis is a theory of personality emphasizing the role of the unconscious mind in influencing behavior Which school of thought in psychology evolved into an elaborate theory of personality that emphasized unconscious motives and conflicts a phrenology b structuralism c functionalism d psychoanalysis Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer d LO Compare the three early psychologies of structuralism functionalism and psychoanalysis and identify the major thinkers who promoted each of these schools of thought Rationale Psychoanalysis is both a theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy emphasizing the role of the unconscious mind in influencing behavior The perspective is a psychological approach that emphasizes bodily events and changes associated with actions feelings and thoughts a biological b learning c cognitive d sociocultural Section Psychology s Present The Four Perspectives of Psychological Science Answer a LO List and describe the four major perspectives in psychology Rationale The biological perspective emphasizes bodily events associated with actions feelings and thoughts The learning perspective emphasizes how environmental events such as reward and punishment determine our behavior Cognitive psychologists study the influences of thinking memory language problem solving and perceptions of humans Which modern psychological perspective focuses on bodily events and their effects on behavior feelings and thoughts a the biological perspective b the cognitive perspective c the evolutionary perspective d the psychodynamic perspective Section Psychology s Present The Four Perspectives of Psychological Science Answer a LO List and describe the four major perspectives in psychology Rationale The biological perspective emphasizes bodily events associated with actions feelings and thoughts The learning perspective emphasizes how environmental events such as reward and punishment determine our behavior Cognitive psychologists study the influences of thinking memory language problem solving and perceptions of humans Which of the following modern psychological perspectives most resembles functionalism a the sociocultural perspective b the cognitive perspective c the evolutionary perspective d the behavioral perspective Section Psychology s Present The Four Perspectives of Psychological Science Answer c LO List and describe the four major perspectives in psychology Rationale The evolutionary perspective like functionalism emphasizes the purpose of behavior A n psychologist studies how genetically-influenced behavior that was functional or adaptive during our species past may be reflected in the present behaviors mental processes and traits of modern humans a cognitive b behavioral c sociocultural d evolutionary Section Psychology s Present The Four Perspectives of Psychological Science Answer d LO List and describe the four major perspectives in psychology Rationale Evolutionary psychology is a field of psychology emphasizing evolutionary mechanisms that may help explain human commonalities in cognition development emotion social practices and other areas of behavior Tom is a psychologist investigating the contributions of genes in the development of abilities and personality traits in human beings Tom is most likely a a biological psychologist b learning theorist c cognitive researcher d cultural psychologist Section Psychology s Present The Four Perspectives of Psychological Science Page s Answer a LO List and describe the four major perspectives in psychology Rationale Biological psychologists investigate the contributions of genes in the development of abilities and personality traits The learning perspective emphasizes how environmental events such as reward and punishment determine our behavior Cognitive psychologists study the influences of thinking memory language problem solving and perceptions of humans Older adults with low levels of the chemical acetylcholine in their brains may develop memory loss Which of the following psychological perspectives does this best relate to a biological b cognitive c sociocultural d learning Section Psychology s Present The Four Perspectives of Psychological Science Answer a LO List and describe the four major perspectives in psychology Rationale Biological psychologists study the influences of the nervous system hormones brain chemistry heredity and evolutionary influences on humans Because the statement emphasizes the role of a brain chemical in memory loss this is the best answer The perspective of psychology focuses on the environmental rewards and punishers that maintain or discourage specific behaviors a cognitive b learning c sociocultural d psychodynamic Section Psychology s Present The Four Perspectives of Psychological Science Answer b LO List and describe the four major perspectives in psychology Rationale The learning perspective emphasizes how environmental events such as reward and punishment determine our behavior Cognitive psychologists study the influences of thinking memory language problem solving and perceptions of humans Which modern psychological perspective is behaviorism a part of a biological b cognitive c sociocultural d learning Section Psychology s Present The Four Perspectives of Psychological Science Answer d LO List and describe the four major perspectives in psychology Rationale Behaviorism is a part of the learning perspective emphasizing the role of environment and of consequences in determining our behavior Dr Mannisto is a behaviorist who is studying the causes of excessive violence among some hockey players She is likely to consider whether a the more aggressive players have experienced brain injuries b players who engage in excessive violence are rewarded in some way c the more aggressive players experienced emotional abuse in childhood d cultural change has shaped hockey players to become more violent than in the past Section Psychology s Present The Four Perspectives of Psychological Science Answer b LO List and describe the four major perspectives in psychology Rationale Behaviorism is a part of the learning perspective emphasizing the role of reward and punishment in determining our behavior With which of the following psychological perspectives is the term behaviorist most closely associated a biological b cognitive c sociocultural d learning Section Psychology s Present The Four Perspectives of Psychological Science Answer d LO List and describe the four major perspectives in psychology Rationale Behaviorism is a part of the learning perspective emphasizing the role of reward and punishment in determining our behavior Professor King approaches questions about human behavior from a perspective that emphasizes the rewards and punishments that maintain certain specific behaviors He does not invoke the mind to explain behavior but sticks to what he can observe and measure directly It is most likely that he accepts which of the following psychological approaches a sociocultural b learning c cognitive d psychodynamic Section Psychology s Present The Four Perspectives of Psychological Science Answer b LO List and describe the four major perspectives in psychology Rationale The learning perspective emphasizes the role of consequences such as reward and punishment in determining our behavior Behaviorists prefer to work with what they can observe and measure directly and do not invoke the mind or mental states to explain behavior combine elements of behaviorism with research on thoughts values expectations and intentions and believe that people learn not only by adapting their behavior to the environment but also by observing and imitating others a Cognitive researchers b Sociocultural psychologists c Biological psychologists d Social-cognitive learning theorists Section Psychology s Present The Four Perspectives of Psychological Science Answer d LO List and describe the four major perspectives in psychology Rationale Social-cognitive learning theorists combine elements of behaviorism with research on thoughts and intentions They believe that people learn by adapting their behavior to the environment and observing and imitating others Which of the following modern psychological perspectives has strongly encouraged precision and objectivity in psychology by focusing on observable and measurable events a the learning perspective b the cognitive perspective c the sociocultural perspective d the biological perspective Section Psychology s Present The Four Perspectives of Psychological Science Answer a LO List and describe the four major perspectives in psychology Rationale Behaviorism a key part of the learning perspective emphasizes the study of things that can be observed and measured directly Historically the behaviorists insistence on precision and objectivity has done much to advance psychology as a science and learning research in general has given psychology some of its most reliable findings The is a psychological approach that emphasizes mental processes in perception memory language problem solving and other areas of behavior a biological perspective b learning perspective c cognitive perspective d sociocultural perspective Section Psychology s Present The Four Perspectives of Psychological Science Answer c LO List and describe the four major perspectives in psychology Rationale The cognitive perspective focuses on understanding the processes the mind uses to know and understand the world Which modern psychological perspective focuses on how people reason remember understand language and solve problems a the learning perspective b the cognitive perspective c the sociocultural perspective d the psychodynamic perspective Section Psychology s Present The Four Perspectives of Psychological Science Answer b LO List and describe the four major perspectives in psychology Rationale The cognitive perspective focuses on understanding the processes the mind uses to know and understand the world One of the most important contributions of the perspective of psychology has been to show how people s thoughts and explanations affect their actions feelings and choices a sociocultural b learning c biological d cognitive Section Psychology s Present The Four Perspectives of Psychological Science Answer d LO List and describe the four major perspectives in psychology Rationale The cognitive perspective is a psychological approach that emphasizes mental processes in perception memory language problem solving and other areas of behavior One of the most important contributions of this perspective has been to show how people s cognitive processes affect their actions feelings and choices A might study what goes on in the mind of an infant or study different types of intelligence a cultural psychologist b learning theorist c cognitive researcher d biological psychologist Section Psychology s Present The Four Perspectives of Psychological Science Answer c LO List and describe the four major perspectives in psychology Rationale The cognitive perspective is a psychological approach that emphasizes mental processes in perception memory language problem solving and other areas of behavior Infant cognition and intelligence are two areas that a cognitive psychologist is likely to be interested in Learning theorists tend to be more interested in how external factors affect our behavior A psychologist who embraces the cognitive perspective would be most interested in a how punishments and rewards affect behavior b different cultural environments c unconscious conflicts d how people think Section Psychology s Present The Four Perspectives of Psychological Science Answer d LO List and describe the four major perspectives in psychology Rationale The cognitive perspective emphasizes what goes on in people s heads i e how people think Observing violent role models can influence some children to behave aggressively themselves Which of the following psychological perspectives is this an example of a behaviorist perspective b learning perspective c social-cognitive perspective d biological perspective Section Psychology s Present The Four Perspectives of Psychological Science Answer c LO List and describe the four major perspectives in psychology Rationale Within the learning perspective social-cognitive learning theorists combine elements of behaviorism with research on thoughts values expectations and intentions They believe that people learn not only by adapting their behavior to the environment but also by observing and imitating others and by thinking about the events happening around them focus on how groups affect attitudes and behavior why people obey authority and how each of us is affected by other people spouses lovers friends bosses parents and strangers a Social psychologists b Learning theorists c Cognitive researchers d Biological psychologists Section Psychology s Present The Four Perspectives of Psychological Science Page s Answer a LO List and describe the four major perspectives in psychology Rationale Social psychologists focus on social rules and roles how groups affect attitudes and behavior why people obey authority and how each of us is affected by other people spouses lovers friends bosses parents and strangers Which modern psychological perspective focuses on how our behavior is influenced by the other people in our environment and the communities we belong to a sociocultural b learning c cognitive d biological Section Psychology s Present The Four Perspectives of Psychological Science Page s Answer a LO List and describe the four major perspectives in psychology Rationale The sociocultural perspective focuses on the impact of other people the social context and cultural rules Dr Lyons studies the impact of societal norms and values on human decision-making behavior It is most likely that she endorses which of the following psychological approaches a sociocultural b learning c cognitive d biological Section Psychology s Present The Four Perspectives of Psychological Science Page s Answer a LO List and describe the four major perspectives in psychology Rationale The sociocultural perspective is a psychological approach that emphasizes social and cultural influences on behavior psychology spurred the growth of research on topics that had long been ignored in psychology including motherhood rape domestic violence gender roles and sexist attitudes a Applied b Basic c Feminist d Behavioral Section Psychology s Present The Four Perspectives of Psychological Science Page s Answer c LO List and describe the four major perspectives in psychology Rationale The feminist psychology approach analyzes the influence of social inequities on gender relations and on the behavior of the two sexes Prior to its development psychological topics related to women had been ignored or understudied is a psychological approach that analyzes the influence of social inequities on gender relations and on the behavior of the two sexes a Applied psychology b Basic psychology c Behavioral psychology d Feminist psychology Section Psychology s Present The Four Perspectives of Psychological Science Page s Answer d LO List and describe the four major perspectives in psychology Rationale Feminist psychology spurred the growth of research on topics that had long been ignored in psychology including motherhood rape domestic violence the dynamics of power sexuality in relationships definitions of masculinity and femininity gender roles and sexist attitudes Feminist psychology is a psychological approach that analyzes the influence of social inequities on gender relations and on the behavior of the two sexes The feminist movement in psychology was important because it a refocused psychology on the study of the mind and mental processes b allowed women to become therapists c forced graduate schools in psychology to open their doors to women d critically examined the male bias in psychological research and theories Section Psychology s Present The Four Perspectives of Psychological Science Page s Answer d LO List and describe the four major perspectives in psychology Rationale As women began to enter psychology in greater numbers in the s they documented evidence of a pervasive bias in the research methods used and in the very questions that researchers had been asking Feminist psychologists worked to correct this imbalance Which of the following is true about the professional activities of psychologists a All psychologists see patients b Some psychologists serve as consultants to governments or businesses c Psychology researchers are not allowed to do work in nonacademic settings d Psychology researchers are not allowed to provide counseling services in a mental health setting Section What Psychologists Do Page s Answer b LO Summarize the kinds of research that experimental educational developmental industrial and psychometric psychologists might conduct Rationale Some psychologists conduct research or apply its findings in nonacademic settings such as business sports government law and the military A university professor might teach do research and serve as a consultant One reason why people in the general public are often confused about what psychologists do is that a psychologists themselves are often confused about what it means to be a psychologist b psychology has never been established as a real academic field c there is widespread disagreement among psychologists about the proper role for psychologists d there is a wide variety of psychology specialties and roles psychologists can play in the community Section What Psychologists Do Page s Answer d LO Summarize the kinds of research that experimental educational developmental industrial and psychometric psychologists might conduct Rationale The number of different types of psychologists makes it difficult for non-psychologists to understand what a psychologist is The other options are all false is the study of psychological issues for the sake of knowledge rather than for its practical application a Basic psychology b Clinical psychology c Applied psychology d Educational psychology Section What Psychologists Do Page s Answer a LO Distinguish basic psychology and applied psychology and give an example of each Rationale Basic psychology is the study of psychological issues for the sake of knowledge rather than for its practical application is the study of psychological issues that have direct practical significance a Basic psychology b Clinical psychology c Applied psychology d Educational psychology Section What Psychologists Do Page s Answer c LO Distinguish basic psychology and applied psychology and give an example of each Rationale Applied psychology is the study of psychological issues that have direct practical significance and the application of psychological findings A major point of difference between basic research and applied research is that a basic research involves experimentation and applied research involves psychiatry b basic research studies physical processes and applied research studies mental processes c basic research studies only humans whereas applied research studies both animals and human beings d basic research is done to acquire knowledge and applied research is done to solve practical problems Section What Psychologists Do Page s Answer d LO Distinguish basic psychology and applied psychology and give an example of each Rationale Basic research focuses on the acquisition of knowledge whereas applied research attempts to use that basic knowledge to solve human problems According to your textbook is the aspect of psychology that is least recognized and understood by the public a research psychology b clinical psychology c applied psychology d educational psychology Section What Psychologists Do Page s Answer a LO Distinguish basic psychology and applied psychology and give an example of each Rationale Research psychology is the aspect of psychology that is least recognized and understood by the public psychologists conduct laboratory studies of learning motivation emotion sensation and perception physiology and cognition a Industrial organizational b Psychometric c Educational d Experimental Section What Psychologists Do Answer d LO Summarize the kinds of research that experimental educational developmental industrial and psychometric psychologists might conduct Rationale Experimental psychologists conduct laboratory studies of learning motivation emotion sensation and perception physiology and cognition Jacob studies how people change and grow over time physically mentally and socially He is a n psychologist a industrial organizational b developmental c educational d psychometric Section What Psychologists Do Answer b LO Summarize the kinds of research that experimental educational developmental industrial and psychometric psychologists might conduct Rationale Developmental psychologists study how people change and grow over time physically mentally and socially psychologists are concerned with group decision making employee morale work motivation productivity job stress and many such organizational issues a Educational b Developmental c Industrial organizational d Experimental Section What Psychologists Do Answer c LO Summarize the kinds of research that experimental educational developmental industrial and psychometric psychologists might conduct Rationale Industrial organizational psychologists study behavior in the workplace psychologists design and evaluate tests of mental abilities aptitudes interests and personality a Educational b Developmental c Experimental d Psychometric Section What Psychologists Do Answer d LO Summarize the kinds of research that experimental educational developmental industrial and psychometric psychologists might conduct Rationale Psychometric psychologists design and evaluate tests of mental abilities aptitudes interests and personality Linda is a clinical psychologist The clinical program she attended to start her professional practice required her to complete a literature review instead of a dissertation Linda s advanced degree is most likely a n a PhD b PsyD c MD d EdD Section What Psychologists Do Page s Answer b LO Compare the training and work settings of different psychological practitioners such as counselors clinical psychologists psychotherapists psychoanalysts and psychiatrists Rationale The PsyD degree focuses on professional practice and typically requires the student to complete an extensive study theoretical paper or literature review instead of a dissertation Clinical programs leading to a PhD or EdD require completion of a dissertation In the United States which of the following professionals must have a doctoral degree in psychology a clinical psychologists b psychoanalysts c psychiatrists d psychotherapists Section What Psychologists Do Page s Answer a LO Compare the training and work settings of different psychological practitioners such as counselors clinical psychologists psychotherapists psychoanalysts and psychiatrists Rationale Clinical psychologists in the United States must have a doctoral degree in psychology Psychoanalysts and psychotherapists may or may not have a doctoral degree and psychiatrists have an MD A is a medical doctor who diagnoses and treats mental disorders and takes a more biological approach than other psychotherapists a psychiatrist b psychoanalyst c LCSW d MFCC Section What Psychologists Do Page s Answer a LO Compare the training and work settings of different psychological practitioners such as counselors clinical psychologists psychotherapists psychoanalysts and psychiatrists Rationale A psychiatrist is a medical doctor who has done a three-year residency in psychiatry to learn how to diagnose and treat mental disorders The term is unregulated and so a practitioner may have an advanced professional degree or no degree at all a clinical psychologist b psychiatrist c psychoanalyst d psychotherapist Section What Psychologists Do Page s Answer d LO Compare the training and work settings of different psychological practitioners such as counselors clinical psychologists psychotherapists psychoanalysts and psychiatrists Rationale A psychotherapist is simply anyone who does any kind of psychotherapy The term is not legally regulated in fact in most states anyone can say that he or she is a therapist of one sort or another without having any training at all Dr Braun has been treating a child with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder She decides to write a prescription for Ritalin Given this information it is most likely that Dr Braun is a a psychiatrist b psychoanalyst c clinical psychologist d school psychologist Section What Psychologists Do Page s Answer a LO Compare the training and work settings of different psychological practitioners such as counselors clinical psychologists psychotherapists psychoanalysts and psychiatrists Rationale Unlike psychiatrists clinical psychologists and other therapists cannot write prescriptions in most states A psychiatrist is a therapist a with a PsyD b trained in psychoanalysis c that is more likely than other types of therapists to take a biological approach to treatment d who is not legally required to have any degree at all Section What Psychologists Do Page s Answer c LO Compare the training and work settings of different psychological practitioners such as counselors clinical psychologists psychotherapists psychoanalysts and psychiatrists Rationale Because psychiatrists are MDs they typically take a biological approach to treatment The increase in freestanding professional schools of psychology has resulted in a an increased number of qualified psychologists b concerns about an increasing number of poorly-trained psychologists c a change in legislation which allows clinical psychologists to prescribe medications d changes in licensing requirements for psychologists Section What Psychologists Do Page s Answer b LO Compare the training and work settings of different psychological practitioners such as counselors clinical psychologists psychotherapists psychoanalysts and psychiatrists Rationale The proliferation of professional schools of psychology has led to concern about the standards of training for psychologists In almost all states a is required to obtain a license to practice clinical psychology a doctoral degree b master s degree c medical degree d certificate from a psychoanalytic institute Section What Psychologists Do Page s Answer a LO Compare the training and work settings of different psychological practitioners such as counselors clinical psychologists psychotherapists psychoanalysts and psychiatrists Rationale Most U S states require a doctoral degree to be licensed as a psychologist Which of the following was the major reason for the formation of the Association for Psychological Science APS a Psychotherapists were losing their human touch by relying too much on psychology s empirical findings b Academic-research psychologists were unschooled in current therapeutic methods of psychology c There were many differences in training and attitudes between scientists and many therapists d Clinical psychologists wanted to be able to prescribe drugs Section What Psychologists Do Page s Answer c LO Compare the training and work settings of different psychological practitioners such as counselors clinical psychologists psychotherapists psychoanalysts and psychiatrists Rationale The differences in training and attitudes between scientists and many therapists contributed to the formation of the Association for Psychological Science APS Which of the following is true about psychologists roles in the general community a Psychologists are prohibited by law from working for or with government agencies b Clinical psychologists frequently contribute to their communities but there are few opportunities for research psychologists to do the same c Research psychologists frequently contribute to their communities but there are few opportunities for clinical psychologists to do the same d All types of psychologists contribute to their communities by helping to solve problems and answer important questions Section What Psychologists Do Page s Answer d LO Give examples of three ways in which psychologists contribute to their communities Rationale Psychologists contribute to their communities in many different areas There is a growing trend among psychologists to have interests and beliefs that a include aspects of two or more traditional approaches b are related to the environmental effects on behavior c were once considered pseudoscience d cannot be studied using empirical methods Section What Psychologists Do Page s Answer a LO Give examples of three ways in which psychologists contribute to their communities Rationale It is becoming more and more common for psychologists to use a combination of two or more traditional approaches to psychological theory and therapy True-False Questions Empirical evidence is the evidence gathered by careful observation and experimentation Section Psychology Pseudoscience and Popular Opinion Page s Answer True LO Distinguish the primary ways that psychology differs from pseudoscience psychobabble popular opinion and plain old common sense Empirical evidence is the evidence gathered by a careful reflection on one s personal experiences Section Psychology Pseudoscience and Popular Opinion Page s Answer False LO Distinguish the primary ways that psychology differs from pseudoscience psychobabble popular opinion and plain old common sense Real psychology differs from popular psychology in that it is based on the opinions of learned scientists Section Psychology Pseudoscience and Popular Opinion Page s Answer False LO Distinguish the primary ways that psychology differs from pseudoscience psychobabble popular opinion and plain old common sense Psychobabble refers to how infants as young as seven months can derive simple linguistic rules from a string of sounds Section Psychology Pseudoscience and Popular Opinion Page s Answer False LO Distinguish the primary ways that psychology differs from pseudoscience psychobabble popular opinion and plain old common sense Psychobabble is a pseudoscience covered by a veneer of psychological language Section Psychology Pseudoscience and Popular Opinion Page s Answer True LO Distinguish the primary ways that psychology differs from pseudoscience psychobabble popular opinion and plain old common sense Belief in the paranormal is uncommon in scientifically advanced countries Section Psychology Pseudoscience and Popular Opinion Page s Answer False LO Distinguish the primary ways that psychology differs from pseudoscience psychobabble popular opinion and plain old common sense The key to whether or not a psychological finding is important is whether or not the finding is surprising Section Psychology Pseudoscience and Popular Opinion Page s Answer False LO Distinguish the primary ways that psychology differs from pseudoscience psychobabble popular opinion and plain old common sense Critical thinking is defined as the ability to assess claims and make judgments on the basis of well- supported reasons and evidence Section Thinking Critically and Creatively about Psychology Page s Answer True LO Define critical thinking and give an example that applies to something you ll learn about in introductory psychology Critical thinkers are able to look for flaws in arguments Section Thinking Critically and Creatively about Psychology Page s Answer True LO Define critical thinking and give an example that applies to something you ll learn about in introductory psychology Critical thinking is also referred to as negative thinking Section Thinking Critically and Creatively about Psychology Page s Answer False LO Define critical thinking and give an example that applies to something you ll learn about in introductory psychology Critical thinkers realize that all opinions are created equal Section Thinking Critically and Creatively about Psychology Page s Answer False LO Define critical thinking and give an example that applies to something you ll learn about in introductory psychology Critical thinkers realize that everybody s beliefs are as good as everybody else s Section Thinking Critically and Creatively about Psychology Page s Answer False LO Define critical thinking and give an example that applies to something you ll learn about in introductory psychology Open-mindedness implies that all opinions are created equal Section Thinking Critically and Creatively about Psychology Page s Answer False LO Define critical thinking and give an example that applies to something you ll learn about in introductory psychology Critical thinkers are willing to accept received wisdom Section Thinking Critically and Creatively about Psychology Page s Answer False LO Define critical thinking and give an example that applies to something you ll learn about in introductory psychology Assumptions are beliefs that are taken for granted Section Thinking Critically and Creatively about Psychology Page s Answer True LO List eight important critical thinking guidelines and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology Critical thinkers do not make assumptions about how the world works Section Thinking Critically and Creatively about Psychology Page s Answer False LO List eight important critical thinking guidelines and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology Biases are assumptions that keep us from considering evidence fairly Section Thinking Critically and Creatively about Psychology Page s Answer True LO List eight important critical thinking guidelines and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology Guiding our behaviors on gut feelings is an important aspect of critical thinking Section Thinking Critically and Creatively about Psychology Answer False LO List eight important critical thinking guidelines and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology An argument by anecdote occurs when a person generalizes from a personal experience Section Thinking Critically and Creatively about Psychology Answer True LO List eight important critical thinking guidelines and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology Critical thinkers come up with alternative explanations for research findings Section Thinking Critically and Creatively about Psychology Answer True LO List eight important critical thinking guidelines and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology Critical thinkers generate as many reasonable explanations of the topic at hand as possible before settling on the most likely one Section Thinking Critically and Creatively about Psychology Answer True LO List eight important critical thinking guidelines and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology Critical thinkers prefer explanations that account for the most evidence while making the fewest assumptions Section Thinking Critically and Creatively about Psychology Answer True LO List eight important critical thinking guidelines and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology Critical thinking is a process not an accomplishment Section Thinking Critically and Creatively about Psychology Page s Answer True LO List eight important critical thinking guidelines and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology Psychology has been a science for more than years Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer False LO Explain the circumstances under which the first psychological laboratory was established Psychology became a formal discipline in the sixteenth century Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer False LO Explain the circumstances under which the first psychological laboratory was established The forerunners of modern psychology depended heavily on casual observation Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer True LO Explain the circumstances under which the first psychological laboratory was established The forerunners of modern psychology depended heavily on empirical research Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer False LO Explain the circumstances under which the first psychological laboratory was established Scholars of the past relied too heavily on empirical evidence to understand human behavior Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer False LO Explain the circumstances under which the first psychological laboratory was established Scholars of the past who wanted to understand human behavior relied on anecdotes and descriptions of individual cases Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer True LO Explain the circumstances under which the first psychological laboratory was established Because they relied on anecdotes rather than experiments the forerunners of modern psychology were always wrong in their description of human behavior Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer False LO Explain the circumstances under which the first psychological laboratory was established Phrenologists suggested that specific character and personality traits could be read from bumps on a person s head Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer True LO Explain the circumstances under which the first psychological laboratory was established Hippocrates argued that the brain is the ultimate source of human pleasures and pains Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer True LO Explain the circumstances under which the first psychological laboratory was established Hippocrates argued that the heart is the ultimate source of human pleasures and pains Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer False LO Explain the circumstances under which the first psychological laboratory was established Wilhelm Wundt suggested that specific character and personality traits could be read from bumps on the head Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer False LO Explain the circumstances under which the first psychological laboratory was established The theory of phrenology was verified by later psychological research Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer False LO Explain the circumstances under which the first psychological laboratory was established The theory of phrenology is a classic pseudoscience Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer True LO Explain the circumstances under which the first psychological laboratory was established The first psychological laboratory was officially established in Leipzig Germany Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Answer True LO Explain the circumstances under which the first psychological laboratory was established The first psychological laboratory was officially established in Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Answer True LO Explain the circumstances under which the first psychological laboratory was established The first psychological laboratory was established by the Austrian physician Sigmund Freud Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Answer False LO Explain the circumstances under which the first psychological laboratory was established The first psychological laboratory was established by Wilhelm Wundt Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Answer True LO Explain the circumstances under which the first psychological laboratory was established Credit for the founding of modern psychology is generally given to William James Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Answer False LO Explain the circumstances under which the first psychological laboratory was established Credit for founding modern psychology is generally given to Wilhelm Wundt Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Answer True LO Explain the circumstances under which the first psychological laboratory was established Wilhelm Wundt s trained introspectors had to make between and practice observations before they were allowed to participate in an actual study Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer False LO Explain the circumstances under which the first psychological laboratory was established Wilhelm Wundt s trained introspectors had to make practice observations before they were allowed to participate in an actual study Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer True LO Explain the circumstances under which the first psychological laboratory was established In Wilhelm Wundt s trained introspection volunteers were trained to break down behavior into its most basic elements Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer True LO Explain the circumstances under which the first psychological laboratory was established E B Titchener gave Wilhelm Wundt s approach the name structuralism Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer True LO Explain the circumstances under which the first psychological laboratory was established Structuralism was an early psychological approach that emphasized the purpose of behavior and consciousness Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer False LO Compare the three early psychologies of structuralism functionalism and psychoanalysis and identify the major thinkers who promoted each of these schools of thought Structuralism was an early psychological approach that emphasized the analysis of an immediate experience into basic elements Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer True LO Compare the three early psychologies of structuralism functionalism and psychoanalysis and identify the major thinkers who promoted each of these schools of thought Early psychologists who emphasized how behavior helps an organism adapt to its environment were known as structuralists Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer False LO Compare the three early psychologies of structuralism functionalism and psychoanalysis and identify the major thinkers who promoted each of these schools of thought One of the common research methods used by structuralists was phrenology Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer False LO Compare the three early psychologies of structuralism functionalism and psychoanalysis and identify the major thinkers who promoted each of these schools of thought Functionalism was an early psychological approach that emphasized the purpose of behavior and consciousness Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer True LO Compare the three early psychologies of structuralism functionalism and psychoanalysis and identify the major thinkers who promoted each of these schools of thought Functionalism was an early psychological approach that emphasized the analysis of an immediate experience into basic elements Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer False LO Compare the three early psychologies of structuralism functionalism and psychoanalysis and identify the major thinkers who promoted each of these schools of thought William James a functionalist argued that searching for building blocks of experience was a waste of time Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer True LO Compare the three early psychologies of structuralism functionalism and psychoanalysis and identify the major thinkers who promoted each of these schools of thought Wilhelm Wundt an American psychologist was a popular functionalist Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer False LO Compare the three early psychologies of structuralism functionalism and psychoanalysis and identify the major thinkers who promoted each of these schools of thought How and why an organism does something were the concerns of functionalists Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer True LO Compare the three early psychologies of structuralism functionalism and psychoanalysis and identify the major thinkers who promoted each of these schools of thought Early psychologists who emphasized how behavior helps an organism adapt to its environment were known as functionalists Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer True LO Compare the three early psychologies of structuralism functionalism and psychoanalysis and identify the major thinkers who promoted each of these schools of thought The phrase stream of consciousness is closely associated with Sigmund Freud Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer False LO Compare the three early psychologies of structuralism functionalism and psychoanalysis and identify the major thinkers who promoted each of these schools of thought The phrase stream of consciousness is closely associated with William James Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer True LO Compare the three early psychologies of structuralism functionalism and psychoanalysis and identify the major thinkers who promoted each of these schools of thought Sigmund Freud argued that many of his patients symptoms had mental not physical causes Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer True LO Compare the three early psychologies of structuralism functionalism and psychoanalysis and identify the major thinkers who promoted each of these schools of thought Sigmund Freud argued that many of his patients symptoms had undiagnosed physical causes rather than mental causes Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer False LO Compare the three early psychologies of structuralism functionalism and psychoanalysis and identify the major thinkers who promoted each of these schools of thought Sigmund Freud s first book The Interpretation of Dreams was an overnight sensation Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer False LO Compare the three early psychologies of structuralism functionalism and psychoanalysis and identify the major thinkers who promoted each of these schools of thought Sigmund Freud s ideas evolved into a method of psychotherapy that came to be known as psychoanalysis Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer True LO Compare the three early psychologies of structuralism functionalism and psychoanalysis and identify the major thinkers who promoted each of these schools of thought Freudian concepts were and still are rejected by most empirically-oriented psychologists Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer True LO Compare the three early psychologies of structuralism functionalism and psychoanalysis and identify the major thinkers who promoted each of these schools of thought Freudian concepts are still popular among empirically-oriented psychologists Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s Answer False LO Compare the three early psychologies of structuralism functionalism and psychoanalysis and identify the major thinkers who promoted each of these schools of thought The biological perspective of psychology emphasizes bodily events and changes associated with actions feelings and thoughts Section Psychology s Present The Four Perspectives of Psychological Science Answer True LO List and describe the four major perspectives in psychology The cognitive perspective of psychology focuses on the social and cultural forces outside an individual Section Psychology s Present The Four Perspectives of Psychological Science Answer False LO List and describe the four major perspectives in psychology Theorizing that anxiety is due to forbidden unconscious desires is consistent with the biological perspective Section Psychology s Present The Four Perspectives of Psychological Science Answer False LO List and describe the four major perspectives in psychology Theorizing that anxiety can be caused by a chemical imbalance in the body is consistent with the biological perspective Section Psychology s Present The Four Perspectives of Psychological Science Answer True LO List and describe the four major perspectives in psychology The learning perspective of psychology is an approach that emphasizes how the environment and experiences affect a person s actions Section Psychology s Present The Four Perspectives of Psychological Science Answer True LO List and describe the four major perspectives in psychology The learning perspective of psychology emphasizes the dynamics of unconscious motives and conflicts Section Psychology s Present The Four Perspectives of Psychological Science Answer False LO List and describe the four major perspectives in psychology Learning theorists would view violence as the result of unconscious conflicts involving aggression and sexuality Section Psychology s Present The Four Perspectives of Psychological Science Answer False LO List and describe the four major perspectives in psychology The theory that violence can be the result of having violent role models is consistent with the learning perspective Section Psychology s Present The Four Perspectives of Psychological Science Answer True LO List and describe the four major perspectives in psychology Behaviorists would agree that anxiety is due to forbidden unconscious desires Section Psychology s Present The Four Perspectives of Psychological Science Answer False LO List and describe the four major perspectives in psychology Learning theorists would agree that anxious people often think about the future in distorted ways Section Psychology s Present The Four Perspectives of Psychological Science Answer False LO List and describe the four major perspectives in psychology The cognitive perspective of psychology emphasizes bodily events and changes associated with actions Section Psychology s Present The Four Perspectives of Psychological Science Answer False LO List and describe the four major perspectives in psychology The cognitive perspective of psychology emphasizes how the environment and experiences affect a person s actions Section Psychology s Present The Four Perspectives of Psychological Science Answer False LO List and describe the four major perspectives in psychology The cognitive perspective of psychology emphasizes mental processes in certain areas of behavior including language and problem solving Section Psychology s Present The Four Perspectives of Psychological Science Answer True LO List and describe the four major perspectives in psychology Cognitive researchers have been able to study the kind of thinking that goes on without awareness Section Psychology s Present The Four Perspectives of Psychological Science Answer True LO List and describe the four major perspectives in psychology Theorizing that anxious people often think about the future in distorted ways is consistent with the cognitive perspective Section Psychology s Present The Four Perspectives of Psychological Science Answer True LO List and describe the four major perspectives in psychology The sociocultural perspective emphasizes the dynamics of the social and cultural forces that shape every aspect of human behavior Section Psychology s Present The Four Perspectives of Psychological Science Page s Answer True LO List and describe the four major perspectives in psychology Social psychologists focus on how groups affect attitudes and behavior Section Psychology s Present The Four Perspectives of Psychological Science Page s Answer True LO List and describe the four major perspectives in psychology Cultural psychologists examine how customs and traditions affect people s development Section Psychology s Present The Four Perspectives of Psychological Science Page s Answer True LO List and describe the four major perspectives in psychology Theorizing that competition between group members promotes anxiety about failure is consistent with the sociocultural perspective Section Psychology s Present The Four Perspectives of Psychological Science Page s Answer True LO List and describe the four major perspectives in psychology Feminist psychology is an approach that analyzes the influence of social inequities on the behavior of the two sexes Section Psychology s Present The Four Perspectives of Psychological Science Page s Answer True LO List and describe the four major perspectives in psychology Feminist psychology critically examined the male bias in psychotherapy Section Psychology s Present The Four Perspectives of Psychological Science Page s Answer True LO List and describe the four major perspectives in psychology Feminist psychology has influenced the study of men Section Psychology s Present The Four Perspectives of Psychological Science Page s Answer True LO List and describe the four major perspectives in psychology Basic psychology is the study of psychological issues for the sake of knowledge rather than for practical application Section What Psychologists Do Page s Answer True LO Distinguish basic psychology and applied psychology and give an example of each Applied psychology is the study of psychological issues for the sake of knowledge rather than for practical application Section What Psychologists Do Page s Answer False LO Distinguish basic psychology and applied psychology and give an example of each Applied psychology is the study of psychological issues that have direct practical significance Section What Psychologists Do Page s Answer True LO Distinguish basic psychology and applied psychology and give an example of each Basic psychology is the study of psychological issues that have direct practical significance Section What Psychologists Do Page s Answer False LO Distinguish basic psychology and applied psychology and give an example of each Not all psychologists do clinical work Section What Psychologists Do Page s Answer True LO Distinguish basic psychology and applied psychology and give an example of each Academic psychologists specialize in areas of research such as psychometrics and sensation and perception Section What Psychologists Do Page s Answer True LO Distinguish basic psychology and applied psychology and give an example of each Educational psychologists primarily study how people change and grow over time Section What Psychologists Do Answer False LO Summarize the kinds of research that experimental educational developmental industrial and psychometric psychologists might conduct Educational psychologists primarily design and evaluate tests of mental abilities and aptitude Section What Psychologists Do Answer False LO Summarize the kinds of research that experimental educational developmental industrial and psychometric psychologists might conduct Developmental psychologists study how people change and grow over time Section What Psychologists Do Answer True LO Summarize the kinds of research that experimental educational developmental industrial and psychometric psychologists might conduct Industrial organizational psychologists are concerned with behavior in the workplace and work motivation Section What Psychologists Do Answer True LO Summarize the kinds of research that experimental educational developmental industrial and psychometric psychologists might conduct Psychometric psychologists design and evaluate tests of mental abilities and aptitude Section What Psychologists Do Answer True LO Summarize the kinds of research that experimental educational developmental industrial and psychometric psychologists might conduct Counseling psychologists are trained to do psychotherapy with severely disturbed people Section What Psychologists Do Answer False LO Compare the training and work settings of different psychological practitioners such as counselors clinical psychologists psychotherapists psychoanalysts and psychiatrists In almost all states in the United States a license to practice clinical psychology requires a doctorate Section What Psychologists Do Answer True LO Compare the training and work settings of different psychological practitioners such as counselors clinical psychologists psychotherapists psychoanalysts and psychiatrists Clinical programs leading to a PhD require a student to complete an extensive literature review instead of a research dissertation Section What Psychologists Do Page s Answer False LO Compare the training and work settings of different psychological practitioners such as counselors clinical psychologists psychotherapists psychoanalysts and psychiatrists Programs leading to a PsyD usually require a student to complete an extensive theoretical paper or literature review instead of a research dissertation Section What Psychologists Do Page s Answer True LO Compare the training and work settings of different psychological practitioners such as counselors clinical psychologists psychotherapists psychoanalysts and psychiatrists Clinical programs leading to a PhD are usually designed to prepare a person both as a scientist and as a clinical practitioner Section What Psychologists Do Answer True LO Compare the training and work settings of different psychological practitioners such as counselors clinical psychologists psychotherapists psychoanalysts and psychiatrists Clinical programs leading to a PsyD focus on professional practice and do not usually require a research dissertation Section What Psychologists Do Page s Answer True LO Compare the training and work settings of different psychological practitioners such as counselors clinical psychologists psychotherapists psychoanalysts and psychiatrists A person who has received specialized training from a psychoanalytic institute is called a psychiatrist Section What Psychologists Do Page s Answer False LO Compare the training and work settings of different psychological practitioners such as counselors clinical psychologists psychotherapists psychoanalysts and psychiatrists Clinical social workers typically treat general problems in adjustment and family conflicts Section What Psychologists Do Page s Answer True LO Compare the training and work settings of different psychological practitioners such as counselors clinical psychologists psychotherapists psychoanalysts and psychiatrists Psychiatrists are more likely to focus on the possible biological causes of mental disorders Section What Psychologists Do Page s Answer True LO Compare the training and work settings of different psychological practitioners such as counselors clinical psychologists psychotherapists psychoanalysts and psychiatrists Only psychiatrists and clinical psychologists can write medical prescriptions in all states at present Section What Psychologists Do Page s Answer False LO Compare the training and work settings of different psychological practitioners such as counselors clinical psychologists psychotherapists psychoanalysts and psychiatrists Short Answer Questions When people think of psychology they usually think of mental disorders emotional disorders abnormal acts personal problems and psychotherapy Describe two other topics that are of great interest to psychologists Section Psychology Pseudoscience and Popular Opinion Page s LO Distinguish the primary ways that psychology differs from pseudoscience psychobabble popular opinion and plain old common sense Answer A good answer will include the following key points Psychologists study the entire spectrum of human and animal behavior Psychologists study how people learn remember solve problems perceive feel and get along with others They study commonplace as well as uncommon behaviors normal as well as abnormal Some specific examples of non-clinical topics should be provided Describe the differences between psychobabble and scientific psychology Section Psychology Pseudoscience and Popular Opinion Page s LO Distinguish the primary ways that psychology differs from pseudoscience psychobabble popular opinion and plain old common sense Answer A good answer will include the following key points Psychobabble is pseudoscience and quackery covered by a veneer of psychological and scientific-sounding language Scientific psychology is based on empirical evidence Juanita is studying in her dorm room when her roommate says Why did you sign up for a psychology class Everyone knows that psychology is the same as plain old common sense How should Juanita explain the differences between psychology and common sense Section Psychology Pseudoscience and Popular Opinion Page s LO Distinguish the primary ways that psychology differs from pseudoscience psychobabble popular opinion and plain old common sense Answer A good answer will include the following key points Psychology is based on empirical evidence Common sense and popular beliefs have often been refuted by empirical evidence Many common sense beliefs are contradictory because they are not based on empirical evidence Shelley wants her grandma to keep in touch through e-mail but her grandma says Oh Shelley you know that you can t teach an old dog new tricks If Shelley has been studying the problems with popular beliefs about psychological phenomena how should she respond Section Psychology Pseudoscience and Popular Opinion Page s LO Distinguish the primary ways that psychology differs from pseudoscience psychobabble popular opinion and plain old common sense Answer A good answer will include the following key points Popular beliefs and sayings have often been refuted by scientific research Before accepting a popular proverb as true it would be important to look at empirical evidence Many popular proverbs contradict each other because they are not based on empirical evidence A fortune teller reads Haifa s palm and tells Haifa that she will fall in love during spring break when she travels to Cancun As a critical thinker enrolled in a General Psychology class how would Haifa react to this news What critical thinking guidelines would be important for her to consider Section Thinking Critically and Creatively about Psychology Page s LO List eight important critical thinking guidelines and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology Answer A good answer will include the following key points Fortune telling is pseudoscience not based on empirical evidence Important critical thinking guidelines to consider are Examine the evidence Analyze assumptions and biases and Avoid emotional reasoning Describe what it means to be a critical thinker Section Thinking Critically and Creatively about Psychology Page s LO List eight important critical thinking guidelines and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology Answer A good answer will include the following key points Critical thinking is the ability and willingness to assess claims and make objective judgments on the basis of well-supported reasons and evidence rather than emotion and anecdote Critical thinkers look for flaws in arguments and resist claims that have no support Critical thinking includes the ability to come up with alternative rationales for events to think of implications of research findings and to apply new knowledge to social and personal problems List eight guidelines for critical thinking Section Thinking Critically and Creatively about Psychology Page s LO List eight important critical thinking guidelines and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology Answer A good answer will include the following key points Ask questions and be willing to wonder Define your terms Examine the evidence Analyze assumptions and biases Avoid emotional reasoning Don t oversimplify Consider other interpretations Tolerate uncertainty One common form of oversimplification is argument by anecdote Explain the meaning of this statement and provide an example Section Thinking Critically and Creatively about Psychology LO List eight important critical thinking guidelines and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology Answer A good answer will include the following key points Argument by anecdote involves generalizing from a personal experience or a few examples An example would be claiming that all students who attend state universities are not as bright as students attending private universities because you have met one or two such individuals Hank demands that his psychology professor give him a yes-or-no answer to the question Do violent movies cause adolescents to become more aggressive When the professor explains the complicated evidence Hank says You are evading the issue What critical thinking guideline does Hank need to take into consideration Support your choice with information from the textbook Section Thinking Critically and Creatively about Psychology Page s LO List eight important critical thinking guidelines and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology Answer A good answer will include the following key point The important critical thinking guideline here is Tolerate uncertainty Sometimes there is not enough evidence to justify more than tentative conclusions The lack of a clear answer does not mean the professor is evading the question The desire for certainty makes Hank uncomfortable with the lack of a clear answer Explain why the textbook authors call the theory of phrenology a classic pseudoscience Provide examples that support this assessment Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s LO List eight important critical thinking guidelines and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology Answer A good answer will include the following key points Phrenology was not based on empirical evidence When a prediction based on bumps on the head predicted a behavior such as stealing that did not fit an individual it was explained away by arguing that other positive traits held the behavior in check Phrenology became extremely popular because it offered quick analyses of behavior and even programs for overcoming deficiencies Why is Wilhelm Wundt especially revered by psychologists Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s LO Explain the circumstances under which the first psychological laboratory was established Answer A good answer will include the following key points Wilhelm Wundt founded the first formal psychology laboratory He published his results in a scholarly journal He announced that he intended to make psychology a science Describe Wilhelm Wundt s preferred research method and give an example of how it might be used to study a psychological topic Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s LO Explain the circumstances under which the first psychological laboratory was established Answer A good answer will include the following key points Wundt s favorite research method was introspection This involved carefully observing analyzing and describing one s own sensations mental images and emotional reactions About practice observations were required before one could participate in an actual experiment It might take as long as minutes to describe a -second experiment During the early decades of psychology s existence as a formal discipline three schools of psychological thought became popular What were these three schools of thought and what became of each of them over time Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s LO Compare the three early psychologies of structuralism functionalism and psychoanalysis and identify the major thinkers who promoted each of these schools of thought Answer A good answer will include the following key points Structuralism was the analysis of sensations images and feelings into basic elements based on Wundt s method of introspection Structuralism died out in the early years of psychology Functionalism founded by William James emphasized the purpose of behavior as opposed to its analysis and description Functionalism also died out as a separate school of psychology but its emphasis on the causes and consequences of behavior continued to influence the development of psychology as a science Psychoanalysis was both a theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy that stressed the role of the unconscious mind and its hidden conflicts and wishes in influencing our behavior Psychoanalysis is not accepted by most empirically-oriented psychologists but remains an active though highly controversial school of psychology today The structuralists had an intensive program of research in Germany and the United States What became of this school of psychology What challenges did the structuralists encounter Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s LO Compare the three early psychologies of structuralism functionalism and psychoanalysis and identify the major thinkers who promoted each of these schools of thought Answer A good answer will include the following key points A major challenge faced by structuralism was the fact that individual introspectors often produced conflicting reports Another problem was that after something has been described there does not appear to be much left to do Structuralism died out in the early years of psychology Why did William James argue that the structuralist approach was a waste of time What school of psychology did he promote Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s LO Compare the three early psychologies of structuralism functionalism and psychoanalysis and identify the major thinkers who promoted each of these schools of thought Answer A good answer will include the following key points James argued that searching for the building blocks of the mind was a waste of time because the brain and mind are constantly changing James was a leader in the functionalist school of psychology Functionalism emphasized the purpose of behavior as opposed to its analysis and description How was Darwin s theory of evolution inspirational to the functionalists Section Psychology s Past From the Armchair to the Laboratory Page s LO Compare the three early psychologies of structuralism functionalism and psychoanalysis and identify the major thinkers who promoted each of these schools of thought Answer A good answer will include the following key points Darwin argued that the purpose of biology was not merely to describe but to also explain how physical attributes enhance survival Similarly functionalists wanted to not only describe the mind but explain how it helped an organism adapt to its environment List and define the four major perspectives in modern psychology Section Psychology s Present The Four Perspectives of Psychological Science Page s LO List and describe the four major perspectives in psychology Answer A good answer will include the following key points The biological perspective focuses on how bodily events affect behavior feelings and thoughts The learning perspective is concerned with how the environment and experience affect a person s or a nonhuman animal s actions The cognitive perspective emphasizes what goes on in people s heads how people reason remember understand language solve problems explain experiences acquire moral standards and form beliefs The sociocultural perspective focuses on social and cultural forces outside the individual forces that shape every aspect of behavior The learning perspective is adhered to by two different types of psychologists behaviorists and social-cognitive learning theorists Compare these two types of learning theory advocates Section Psychology s Present The Four Perspectives of Psychological Science Page s LO List and describe the four major perspectives in psychology Answer A good answer will include the following key points Behaviorists focus on the environmental rewards and punishers that maintain or discourage specific behaviors Behaviorists do not invoke mind or mental states to explain behavior They study only observable behavior Social-cognitive learning theorists combine elements of behaviorism with research on thoughts values expectations and intentions Social-cognitive learning theorists believe that people learn not only by adapting their behavior to the environment but also by imitating others and by thinking about the events happening around them Sociocultural psychologists use an interesting metaphor in regard to humans and culture They describe people as similar to fish Fish are unaware that they live in water so obvious is water in their lives Explain why sociocultural psychologists use this metaphor Section Psychology s Present The Four Perspectives of Psychological Science Page s LO List and describe the four major perspectives in psychology Answer A good answer will include the following key points Our social and cultural environment is the water in which we swim every day We are largely unaware of the tremendous influence of our social and cultural environment on our behavior just as a fish is unaware of the water in which it swims As women began to enter psychology in greater numbers in the early s they began to document evidence of a pervasive bias in the research methods that were being used Describe the biases that these feminist psychologists documented Section Psychology s Present The Four Perspectives of Psychological Science Page s LO List and describe the four major perspectives in psychology Answer A good answer will include the following key points Many studies used only men as subjects Topics such as menstruation motherhood the dynamics of power and sexuality in relationships definitions of masculinity and femininity gender roles and sexist attitudes had largely been ignored They showed how research has often been used to justify the lower status of women and other disadvantaged groups The professional activities of psychologists fall into three broad categories Describe and give examples of each of these three types of professional activities Section What Psychologists Do Page s LO Distinguish basic psychology and applied psychology and give an example of each Answer A good answer will include the following key points Psychologists teach and do research in a variety of pure and applied areas in colleges and universities Psychologists provide mental health services e g clinical and counseling psychologists in settings such as private practice mental-health clinics and hospitals Psychologists conduct research and apply the findings of psychology in nonacademic settings such as business sports government law and the military What is the difference between basic research and applied research Section What Psychologists Do Page s LO Distinguish basic psychology and applied psychology and give an example of each Answer A good answer will include the following key points Basic research involves seeking knowledge for its own sake Applied research involves finding practical uses of basic psychological knowledge Alexandra and Holly both plan to become clinical psychologists although Alexandra is applying to graduate schools to pursue a PhD and Holly plans to earn a PsyD What different experiences and requirements are each likely to encounter in earning their graduate degrees Section What Psychologists Do Page s LO Compare the training and work settings of different psychological practitioners such as counselors clinical psychologists psychotherapists psychoanalysts and psychiatrists Answer A good answer will include the following key points Alexandra will undergo training both as a scientist and as a clinical practitioner She will have to complete a dissertation Holly s training will emphasize professional practice She will probably not be required to complete a dissertation though she may have to complete a major study Clinical