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What can we conclude in a time-series design if the dependent variable shows a marked change in the

What can we conclude in a time-series design if the dependent variable shows a marked change in the

What can we conclude in a time-series design if the dependent variable shows a marked change in the predicted direction at precisely the point at which we have randomly introduced the treatment?
A) Such a change is likely to have occurred becaus

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The treatment combinations in a factorial design are represented in

The treatment combinations in a factorial design are represented in

The treatment combinations in a factorial design are represented in
A) statistical terms.
B) dependent variables.
C) a matrix of cells.
D) boxes.

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Scientists investigate the world by

Scientists investigate the world by

Scientists investigate the world by
A) traveling extensively.
B) scaling down reality.
C) always using complex technology.
D) always using scientific statistical procedures.

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Which of the following is NOT an important way of classifying variables in psychological research?

Which of the following is NOT an important way of classifying variables in psychological research?

Which of the following is NOT an important way of classifying variables in psychological research?
A) behavioral variables
B) stimulus variables
C) organismic variables
D) research variables

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A response variable in one study

A response variable in one study

A response variable in one study
A) must be a response variable in any other study.
B) may be a stimulus variable in another study.
C) may be an independent variable in another study.
D) Both B and C

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To measure a variable means

To measure a variable means

To measure a variable means
A) to control for external validity.
B) to increase its reliability.
C) assign numbers to it.
D) match it with another variable.

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A researcher who cherry picks the data is

A researcher who cherry picks the data is

A researcher who cherry picks the data is
A) being unethical
B) selecting and reporting those data that support the study's hypothesis.
C) ignoring data that contradict the study's hypothesis.
D) All of the above

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A sample of clients going for therapy is likely to

A sample of clients going for therapy is likely to

A sample of clients going for therapy is likely to
A) be representative of the general population.
B) be unrepresentative of the general population.
C) include only rich people due to the cost of therapy.
D) be representative of t

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In which level of research is there usually a single group of participants that is a representative

In which level of research is there usually a single group of participants that is a representative

In which level of research is there usually a single group of participants that is a representative sample of a
larger population?
A) naturalistic
B) correlational
C) differential
D) experimental

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The coefficient of determination should only be used when the sample size is at least

The coefficient of determination should only be used when the sample size is at least

The coefficient of determination should only be used when the sample size is at least
A) 30 participants.
B) 5 participants.
C) 10 participants.
D) 20 participants.

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If a human observer becomes more proficient in the course of a study, the type of threat to internal

If a human observer becomes more proficient in the course of a study, the type of threat to internal

If a human observer becomes more proficient in the course of a study, the type of threat to internal validity is called a change in
A) proficiency.
B) instrumentation.
C) research bias.
D) regression to the mean.

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Correlated-groups designs are considered in this textbook to be a category of

Correlated-groups designs are considered in this textbook to be a category of

Correlated-groups designs are considered in this textbook to be a category of
A) experimental design.
B) nonexperimental design.
C) low-constraint research.
D) naturalistic research.

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In matched-subjects designs, (Multiple Choice Question)

In matched-subjects designs, (Multiple Choice Question)

In matched-subjects designs,
A) each participant is exposed to all levels of the dependent variable.
B) each participant is exposed to one level of the dependent variable.
C) each participant has a matched participant in each condition

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Program evaluation (Multiple Choice Question)

Program evaluation (Multiple Choice Question)

Program evaluation
A) studies have at least two causal hypotheses.
B) involves the use of multiple independent variables.
C) modifies existing research designs to meet the particular constraints of the situation.
D) should be used

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What is an interview schedule?

What is an interview schedule?

What is an interview schedule?
A) a calendar of times available for interviewing
B) a method of randomly assigning participants to interview times
C) a specific set of questions that is asked of participants
D) interviews that are

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The menu for the Student Resource Website

The menu for the Student Resource Website

The menu for the Student Resource Website
A) is found in the textbook.
B) is on the top of the screen.
C) is found at the bottom of the screen.
D) is identical to the textbook Table of Contents.

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The Student Resource Website (Multiple Choice Question)

The Student Resource Website (Multiple Choice Question)

The Student Resource Website
A) is accessible to anyone.
B) can be accessed using a password.
C) is not recommended by the authors.
D) can be found in the back of the textbook.

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The goal in psychological experimentation is to show that differences on dependent measures are due

The goal in psychological experimentation is to show that differences on dependent measures are due

The goal in psychological experimentation is to show that differences on dependent measures are due to
A) preexisting individual differences.
B) research manipulations.
C) research manipulations and measurement error.
D) individua

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In doing low-constraint research, we must address the issue of the sample's

In doing low-constraint research, we must address the issue of the sample's

In doing low-constraint research, we must address the issue of the sample's
A) validity.
B) representativeness.
C) randomness.
D) generalizability.

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In an experiment, the causal hypothesis

In an experiment, the causal hypothesis

In an experiment, the causal hypothesis
A) cannot be confirmed or disconfirmed.
B) is accepted before the null hypothesis is rejected.
C) is accepted only if the null hypothesis is accepted.
D) can be accepted only if the null hyp

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General control procedures (Multiple Choice Question)

General control procedures (Multiple Choice Question)

General control procedures
A) are usually sufficient to protect internal validity.
B) include a carefully selected and randomly assigned control group.
C) include preparation of the setting and replication.
D) include replication

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In experimentation, designing the procedures

In experimentation, designing the procedures

In experimentation, designing the procedures
A) must be done before making observations.
B) is flexible and the procedures can be altered at any time.
C) is carried out immediately following observation.
D) includes analyzing the

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In the multilevel, completely-randomized, between-subjects design, participants are

In the multilevel, completely-randomized, between-subjects design, participants are

In the multilevel, completely-randomized, between-subjects design, participants are
A) randomly assigned to three or more conditions.
B) randomly assigned to two conditions.
C) always tested on a pretest measure.
D) always assigne

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The process of matching before assignment to conditions is called

The process of matching before assignment to conditions is called

The process of matching before assignment to conditions is called
A) a pretest-posttest design.
B) random participant assignment.
C) nonrandom participant assignment.
D) matched random assignment.

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The two control groups in the California study on the effect of a new child passenger restraint law

The two control groups in the California study on the effect of a new child passenger restraint law

The two control groups in the California study on the effect of a new child passenger restraint law were added to control for
A) instrumentation.
B) history.
C) maturation.
D) Both A and B

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Which of the following is NOT an example of an applied psychological research question?

Which of the following is NOT an example of an applied psychological research question?

Which of the following is NOT an example of an applied psychological research question?
A) How can we investigate which part of the brain is dedicated to memory?
B) How can we train people to be better parents?
C) How can we refine air

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A researcher who studies attachment behavior in people with anorexia without obtaining prior informe

A researcher who studies attachment behavior in people with anorexia without obtaining prior informe

A researcher who studies attachment behavior in people with anorexia without obtaining prior informed consent from participants would be considered
A) ethical but slipshod in his/her methods.
B) to be doing invalid research.
C) to be d

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Three research phenomena that can affect generalizability of results are

Three research phenomena that can affect generalizability of results are

Three research phenomena that can affect generalizability of results are
A) the sampling of participants, the sampling of situations, and the sampling of behaviors.
B) the sampling of participants, the sampling of situations, and the sampli

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The tendency of investigators to influence the behavior of participants is termed

The tendency of investigators to influence the behavior of participants is termed

The tendency of investigators to influence the behavior of participants is termed
A) social desirability.
B) experimenter reactivity.
C) measurement bias.
D) the standard error.

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The confounding variable hypothesis is ruled out

The confounding variable hypothesis is ruled out

The confounding variable hypothesis is ruled out
A) by careful research design and inspection procedures.
B) by directly testing it as a statistical hypothesis.
C) through statistical methods.
D) in the data collection phase of th

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Which of the following must be found in order to observe an effect of the independent variable in an

Which of the following must be found in order to observe an effect of the independent variable in an

Which of the following must be found in order to observe an effect of the independent variable in an experiment?
A) high error variance
B) high group means
C) high between-group variance
D) high standard deviations

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When the sample is ________, the findings are ________.

When the sample is ________, the findings are ________.

When the sample is ________, the findings are ________.
A) generalizable; representative
B) large; valid
C) random; replicable
D) representative; generalizable

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The main goal of correlational research is

The main goal of correlational research is

The main goal of correlational research is
A) contributing knowledge to the field.
B) prediction.
C) establishing causality.
D) None of the above

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An experiment is a test of the

An experiment is a test of the

An experiment is a test of the
A) causal relationship between two variables.
B) difference between existing groups.
C) correlation between two variables.
D) natural flow of behavior.

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At all levels of constraint, variables are defined both

At all levels of constraint, variables are defined both

At all levels of constraint, variables are defined both
A) theoretically and conceptually.
B) operationally and practically.
C) conceptually and operationally.
D) dependently and independently.

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The first of the three embedded hypotheses to test in the example of relaxation training is the

The first of the three embedded hypotheses to test in the example of relaxation training is the

The first of the three embedded hypotheses to test in the example of relaxation training is the
A) statistical hypothesis.
B) confounding variable hypothesis.
C) extraneous variable hypothesis.
D) causal hypothesis.

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Which confounding variable cannot be completely controlled because of ethical constraints on the res

Which confounding variable cannot be completely controlled because of ethical constraints on the res

Which confounding variable cannot be completely controlled because of ethical constraints on the research?
A) regression to the mean
B) maturation
C) instrumentation
D) attrition

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Any procedure used by the researcher to counteract potential threats to the validity of the research

Any procedure used by the researcher to counteract potential threats to the validity of the research

Any procedure used by the researcher to counteract potential threats to the validity of the research is called
A) a counter-validational measure.
B) a control.
C) a constraint.
D) a confound.

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Why do many alcohol researchers insist that the participants stay in the lab for an extended period?

Why do many alcohol researchers insist that the participants stay in the lab for an extended period?

Why do many alcohol researchers insist that the participants stay in the lab for an extended period?
A) Any participant who is still intoxicated will have a higher risk of accident or injury.
B) Some of the most interesting effects of alcoh

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Which of the following is an experimental design?

Which of the following is an experimental design?

Which of the following is an experimental design?
A) single-group, posttest-only design
B) single-group, pretest-posttest design
C) ex post facto design
D) None of the above

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