Two of the main challenges to the implementation of effective policy are
A) complexity of issues and government capacity.
B) complexity of issues and stubbornness of stakeholder in a policy arena.
C) government capacity and conflicting preferences of stakeholders in a policy arena.
D) lack of funds and lack of resources.
E) lack of funds and lack of motivation.
Among the important reasons government programs are not implemented successfully is that
A) bureaucrats are only looking out for themselves and don't work to successfully implement programs.
B) laws are usually written with the needs of political contributors, rather than the public, in mind.
C) so many people don't pay their taxes that the government doesn't have adequate funding for public programs.
D) very few people really want to be helped by the government; they'd rather just work out their problems on their own.
E) the government sometimes attempts to implement programs that are not well-suited to bureaucracies.
Putting specific policies into operation is known as
A) policy development.
B) the policy process.
C) incrementalism.
D) implementation.
E) bureaucratization.
Implementation of policies is often difficult because of all of the following reasons EXCEPT
A) the policy to be carried out is not always clearly stated.
B) policy directives to bureaucrats sometimes leave them with too much discretion.
C) implementation involves many different agencies and layers of government.
D) public policy problems can be extremely complex.
E) after policies are implemented, they must still undergo the development stage.
Bureaucracies are often influenced in their policy options by the prevailing customs of the people working for them. For example, the Army Corps of Engineers tends to protect citizens from floods by
A) building dams.
B) building bridges.
C) updating decaying infrastructure.
D) moving endangered structures to higher ground.
E) fighting global warming.
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