In central apnea there is:
A. vigorous chest wall and abdominal muscle activity
B. cessation of airflow at the nose
C. snoring
D. severe hypercarbia
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Question 2) The Hering-Breuer reflex is:
A. an inspiratory inhibitory reflex
B. stimulated by lung deflation
C. mediated by the phrenic nerve
D. activated by low PO2
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Question 3) Changes in PO2 are recognized/sensed by:
A. central chemoreceptors
B. peripheral chemoreceptors
C. pulmonary mechanoreceptors
D. the blood-brain barrier
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Question 4) Increased activity in the neurons in the dorsal respiratory group is associated with:
A. high lung volume
B. high levels of CO2 in the blood
C. high levels of O2 in the blood
D. breath holding
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Question 5) Carotid sinus nerve activity is increased in the presence of:
A. high O2 levels in the blood
B. normal CO2 levels in the blood
C. low O2 content
D. low pH
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Question 6) A 12-year-old female of Hispanic descent enters the emergency department with severe pain on the left side of her abdomen. The family has recently immigrated to the United States.
First attempts at pain relief with nonnarcotic drugs were unsuccessful. Opioids are needed to suppress the pain. Her laboratory results show that she is anemic and her parents reveal a history of chronic infections and a stroke. Genetic testing reveals that her hemoglobin gene has a single amino acid substitution of valine for glutamic acid. Her primary diagnosis is:
A. blunt traumatic injury to the spleen
B. aneurysm
C. sickle cell disease
D. cystic fibrosis
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Question 7) A 48-year-old male presents with a low PaO2, low CaO2, low O2 delivered, and a normal amount of O2 utilized. He is most likely suffering from what type of hypoxia?
A. circulatory
B. hypoxic
C. anemic
D. histotoxic
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Question 8) A 10-year-old female patient with primary pulmonary hypertension is receiving nitric oxide (NO) therapy for its vasodilatation properties.
She presents with a deficiency in O2 carrying capacity with the hemoglobin iron molecule in the ferric acid state and a methemoglobin level of 10. She most likely has a condition known as:
A. sickle cell disease
B. anemia
C. methemoglobinemia
D. hypoxic shock
E. restrictive lung disease
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Question 9) The respiratory control center is located in the:
A. cerebral cortex
B. pons
C. medulla oblongata
D. cerebellum
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Question 10) The dissociation curve of CO2 in blood is:
A. linear and directly related to PCO2
B. linear and not related to PCO2
C. not linear
D. linear and directly related to PO2
E. S shaped and directly related to PCO2
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