Validity is:
a. concerned with the relationships of random error with systematic error.
b. equal to the true score plus the systematic error.
c. equal to the true score plus systematic error minus random error.
d. concerned with the extent to which differences in scores reflect true differences in the characteristic.
e. concerned with the extent to which differences in scores reflect instability in the measurements.
Question 2In a recent survey, individuals who brushed their teeth often under-reported the activity, while individuals who brushed their teeth less frequently over-reported their dental hygiene behavior. The possible cause for differences in scores could best be attributed to:
a. a true difference in the characteristic being measured.
b. differences due to situational factors.
c. differences due to temporary personal factors.
d. true differences in other relatively stable characteristics of the individuals.
e. differences due to variations in administration.
Question 3Due to a misunderstanding of his instructions, a research assistant consistently entered the upper value of an attitude scale as a 6 instead of a 7 when keypunching data for his boss. This is an example of:
a. systematic error.
b. arbitrary error.
c. random error.
d. scaling error.
e. marginal error.
Question 4Which of the following statements is FALSE with regard to ratio scales?
a. A ratio scale exhibits the property of identity.
b. With a ratio scale, the comparison of the absolute magnitude of the numbers is legitimate.
c. A ratio scale possesses a natural zero point.
d. The geometric mean is a meaningful measure of average with a ratio scale.
e. A ratio scale allows the comparison of absolute magnitudes but not the differences in magnitudes.
Question 5You have been assigned the task of evaluating consumer acceptance of, and favorability toward, a new product that a company has just test marketed in your area. In order to determine the degree to which consumers hold favorable attitudes toward the product, what is the lowest level of scale that you can use?
a. Nominal
b. Ordinal
c. Interval
d. Ratio
e. Need more information
Question 6What characteristic must a scale possess in order for researcher to compute the ratio of the magnitude of the numbers?
a. It must have an arbitrary zero point.
b. The range of the absolute scale intervals must be divisible by two.
c. It must use only integers.
d. It must have an absolute zero point.
e. The modal ratio must be greater than two.
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