According to research cited by Shepard, a college education in the United States results in

According to research cited by Shepard, a college education in the United States results in
 
  a. higher annual income regardless of race or gender.
  b. higher annual income for blacks but lower annual income for whites.
  c. higher annual income for black men but lower annual income for black women.
  d. higher annual income for white women but lower annual income for white men.
  e. no discernible pattern of earnings.

Question 2

In terms of Erikson's theory, all of the following are matched correctly except ____.
 
  a. First year of life / Trust versus mistrust
  b. Ages two to three / Autonomy versus shame and doubt
  c. Ages four to five / Initiative versus guilt
  d. Ages six to twelve / Resentment versus romance
  e. Ages twelve to eighteen / Identity versus role confusion

Question 3

Gender discrimination in education
 
  a. has virtually disappeared.
  b. does not begin until high school.
  c. can be accounted for by the different academic interests girls have.
  d. may seem to have improved some, but significant inequalities remain.
  e. has never really been an issue.

Question 4

According to Erikson, individuals pass through a series of developmental stages from infancy to old age, each of which involves a ____.
 
  a. psychosocial crisis or developmental task
  b. sociobiological crisis or cognitive task
  c. developmental crisis or psychopathic task
  d. psychosocial crisis or biological task
  e. developmental crisis or cognitive task

Question 5

Which of the following is not an aspect of sexism within the hidden curriculum?
 
  a. girls learn to talk softly
  b. girls learn to avoid math and science
  c. girls learn they must speak out to attract teachers' attention
  d. girls are guided toward traditional female jobs
  e. girls learn to defer to boys

Question 6

Which of these is not a significant difference between the theories of Freud and Erickson?
 
  a. Freud described universal instincts; Erickson recognized cultural variation.
  b. to Freud the personality is formed almost entirely in childhood; Erickson believed personality could change at any time in one's life.
  c. Freud viewed parents as the most important influences on personality; Erickson recognized the importance of peers, friends, and spouses.
  d. Freud recognized the role of the ego in mediating between self and society; Erickson did not recognize any distinction between the individual and society.
  e. Freud described ongoing interaction among processes within the mind; Erickson described different developmental stages.

Question 7

In Pygmalion in the Classroom, Rosenthal and Jacobson demonstrate the importance of situations in which an expectation leads to behavior that causes the expectation to become a reality. Such situations are known as ____.
 
  a. merit systems
  b. hidden curricula
  c. the looking-glass self
  d. peer pressure
  e. self-fulfilling prophecies

Question 8

Which of the following best describes how Freud envisioned the three parts of the personality?
 
  a. as separate regions within the brain
  b. as interacting and conflicting processes within the mind
  c. as little people battling and negotiating in our heads
  d. as emotional, physical, and spiritual dimensions
  e. as a type of schizophrenia