21. In instrumental conditioning, what is the distinction between negative reinforcement and p

21. In instrumental conditioning, what is the distinction between negative reinforcement and       punishment?
a. There is no difference. They are two words for the same thing. b. Negative reinforcement creates a preference for negative results, while punishment     teaches people to avoid negative results. c. Negative reinforcement occurs when a negative outcome is avoided, while punishment     occurs when an action causes a negative outcome. d. Negative reinforcement can occur when a stimulus is positive, and punishment occurs     when a stimulus is painful