Hi all this is from the Kober Lab for A&P 2 or the bridge course. I don;t have a friend to do these things with, so I'm just researching for those. Once I finish, I plan on posting what I got, please do the same if you have this class. I never see any help for this lab book because it's so school-specific, and I often need to double check, so hopefully, if something looks familiar someone can chime in and help. I have a few of the other Kober labs completed, and I plan to post those as soon as I get time (finals week
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4015 Lab – General and Special Senses
Activity 1 – Types of receptors
Match each of the following as sensed by a) nociceptor, b) thermoreceptor, c) mechanoreceptor, d) chemoreceptor, e) propriocepter
_e__ 1. Knowing the position of your hand even with your eyes closed
_b__ 2. Feeling too warm
_a__ 3. Knowing you have been stuck with a needle
_c__ 4. Knowing that your shoes are on
_d__ 5. Smelling coffee
_c__ 6. Information about the fullness of the bladder
Match each of the following cutaneous receptors with its function:
_5__ free nerve endings
_1__ tactile corpuscles
_3__ tactile disc
_4__ lamellated corpuscles
_2__ root hair plexus
_6__ Ruffini corpuscles
1. sensitive to touch and pressure, situated between epidermal cells
2. detect bending of hair, rapidly adapt
3. sensitive to light touch
4. sensitive to deep pressure
5. sensitive to heat, cold and pain
6. sensitive to stretching of the skin
Activity 2 – Receptor fields
Convince a friend be the subject for the following tests
Two point discrimination
• Obtain a caliper ( a compass that helps you draw circles is fine) and a ruler.
• Adjust the caliper so the two points are touching.
• Starting on the fingertip of the subject (who has their eyes closed), you should touch the caliper to the skin and record how many points the subject felt.(they should say1)
• Open the caliper points so they are 1 mm apart.
• Touch the caliper points to the same spot.
• Repeat with the points 2-mm apart, then 3 mm apart and so on until subject reports feeling two points.
• Do the same procedure on the upper arm or the calf of the leg.
How far apart on the fingertip did the caliper points need to be before student #1 reported two points? ______________
How far apart on the arm or calf did the points need to be before student #1 reported feeling two points? ________________
Which had the smaller receptor fields – fingertip or upper arm/calf? _________________
Localization
• Obtain two different colored markers and a ruler.
• While subject’s eyes are closed, you should gently make a mark on subject’s palm with one of the markers.
• Subject (still with eyes closed) should attempt to locate the spot using the other marker.
How close together are the two marks? ______
• Repeat the procedure on the upper arm or back.
How close together are the two marks? ______
What does the ability to accurately locate a spot tell you about receptor density? _____________________________
_____________________________
_____________
Activity 3 – Sensory adaptation
• While subject’s eyes are closed, you should place a coin on subject’s ventral forearm.
• Time how long it takes before subject can no longer feel the coin.
• Place several more coins on top of the first.
• Time how long it takes before the new coins can no longer be felt.
• If you are very careful, it may be possible to remove two of the coins (after adaptation has occurred) and subject will not be able to detect the remaining coin.
What happened to the sensory neurons that resulted in the subject no longer being able to perceive the presence of the coin after a short time? __________________________
Why is this change necessary? _____________________________
_____________________________
___________
Activity 4 – Referred pain
Damage to certain parts of the body, particularly internal organs, is often felt at a location other than the damaged area. This is called referred pain and is due to the pain receptors sharing tracts to the brain with other organs. Hence kidney injury may be felt spread throughout the back. Match the referred pain areas pointed out in the diagram in the book with the following list of organs (in which damage would be felt if that organ were injured).
___ appendix
___ colon
___ heart
___ liver and gall bladder
___ small intestine
___ stomach
___ ureters
Activity 5 – Taste
Location of different types of taste receptors. You can do this experiment on yourself.
• Make a set of taste solutions (sugar water, NaCl - salt water, vinegar water, quinine - get some quinine water or bitters at the local store).
• rinse your mouth with water and lightly dry the tongue.
• sip the sugar solution and roll it in your mouth.
• Record where you taste the most intense sweetness.
• repeat the procedure with NaCl (salty), vineger (sour) and quinine (bitter).
Based on the information you recorded, match the tongue areas in the diagram in your book to the taste sensations they are able to detect:
___ bitter
___ salty
___ sour
___ sweet
Activity 6 – Eye
Identify the structures on the diagram of the eye in the lab book by matching the number on the line to the name of the structure in the list.
___ anterior cavity
___ choroid coat
___ ciliary body
___ cornea
___ fovea
___ iris
___ lens
___ optic disk
___ optic nerve
___ posterior cavity
___ pupil
___ retina
___ sclera
___ suspensory ligaments
What is contained in the anterior cavity? _____________________________
_________
What is contained in the posterior cavity? _____________________________
_________?
Match the following:
___ aqueous humor
___ blind spot
___ choroid
___ conjunctival membrane
___ cornea
___ fovea
___ iris
___ pupil
___ retina
___ sclera
___ vitreous body
___ 1. controls amount of light entering the interior of the eye
___ 2. dense fibrous connective tissue
___ 3. fills the anterior cavity
___ 4. fills the posterior cavity
___ 5. images focused here are the sharpest
___ 6. location of receptor cells
___ 7. opening through the iris
___ 8. pigmented layer of the eye
___ 9. spot where axons of ganglion cells converge
___ 10. thin epithelium that covers the exposed surface of the eye
___ 11. transparent part of outer layer of the eye
Activity 8 – Blind spot
• Open you text to page 617
• Follow the directions that are in your text on pg 617.
• You can do the same test with the left eye by focusing on the dot.
Why don’t you have a blind spot when both eyes are open?
_____________________________
_____________________________
______________
Activity 9 - Visual Acuity
The Snellen eye chart (found at this link,
http://www.mdsupport.org/snellen.html ) is commonly used for detection of myopia. The chart is metric you will convert numbers later
• Calculate how far to stand away from your monitor using the direction on the linked web page. Then determine the smallest line that can be read clearly with each eye.
• Look at the number above to the line.
• If it is 6, you are able to read at 6 meters(20 feet) what a normal (not needing corrective lenses) person can read at 6 meters.
• If the number of the line is 12 (40), you have to be 6 meters (20 feet) away to read what the normal person can read at 12 meters(40 feet).
• Thus you have 6/12 (20/40) vision. Use the following chart to convert to feet:
Metric
6/3
6/4.5
6/6
6/7.5
6/9
6/12
6/15
6/30
6/60 Snellen
20/10
20/15
20/20
20/25
20/30
20/40
20/50
20/100
20/200
Why do you stand 6 meters (20 feet) away from the chart? _____________________________
_____________________________
_____________
What would it mean if you had 20/15 vision?
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________
Why can’t this test determine if your have hyperopia or presbyopia? _____________________________
_____________________________
_____________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________
Activity 10 - Near point of distinct vision
Find a pencil and tape measure or yard stick
• Hold a pencil at arm’s length in front of you.
• Close one eye and focus on the pencil with the other.
• Move the pencil toward your face and stop when it becomes blurry.
• Measure the distance from your eye to the pencil at that point.
• Repeat for the other eye.
Why is this distance greater for older persons? _____________________________
_____________________________
_____________
Why is this distance closer for persons with myopia who are not using corrective lenses? _____________________________
_____________________________
_____________
Activity 11 - Binocular Vision
find a pencil and clear glass or bottle.
• With both eyes open, have someone hold the glass containing a pencil in front of you (about 3 feet away).
• Remove the pencil from the glass and then put it back.
• Try the same activity again with one eye closed.
Which was easier? _____________________________
__________________________
Why? _____________________________
_____________________________
_____________
Activity 12 - Color blindness
Look at the various plates in this web site
http://www.toledo-bend.com/colorblind/Ishihara.html and describe what you see.
If you were unable to see any numbers on the plates, what would you conclude about the receptor cells responsible for color vision? _____________________________
_____________________________
_____________
Activity 13 - Neural components
Read the section “Neural components “ in your text - pg 617. Answer the following questions.
Why do some people appear to have red eyes in a photograph taken with a flash? _____________________________
_____________________________
_____________
Why is the macula darker (not as white) compared to the surrounding retina? _____________________________
_____________________________
_____________
What attaches to the eye behind the optic disk? _____________________________
__________________
Activity 14 - Ear anatomy
Using the APR locate the following parts and check them off as you find them:
___ auricle
___ external canal
___ tympanic membrane
___ Eustachian or auditory tube
___ malleus
___ incus
___ stapes
___ round window
___ oval window
___ cochlea
___ vestibule
Diagram of the ear
Match the following names with the structures pointed out on the diagram in the lab book of the frontal section of the ear:
___ auricle
___ cochlea
___ Eustachian tube
___ external ear canal
___ incus
___ malleus
___ middle ear
___ semicircular canals
___ stapes
___ vestibulocochlear nerve
___ tympanic membrane
What two spaces are connected by the auditory tube?
Match the following structures with the diagram of the cross section of the cochlea found in the lab book:
___ basilar membrane
___ cochlear duct
___ cochlear nerve
___ hair cells
___ organ of Corti
___ scala tympani
___ scala vestibuli
___ tectorial membrane
___ vestibular membrane
Match each of the following structures with its function:
a. auricle
b. malleus, incus and stapes
c. organ of Corti
d. oval window
e. basilar membrane
f. tensor tympani muscle
g. tympanic membrane
h. VIII cranial nerve
___ 1. bends in different locations depending on the frequency of the sound
___ 2. carries nerve impulses to the brain
___ 3. conducts sound in the form of mechanical movements from the outer to the inner ear
___ 4. contracts to protect the inner ear from loud sounds
___ 5. converts fluid waves into nerve impulses
___ 6. converts sound waves in air to mechanical movements
___ 7. directs sound down the ear canal
___ 8. location where mechanical vibrations are converted to fluid waves
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