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11 years ago
How can i summarize the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of eukaryotes?
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11 years ago
I.              Theory of endosymbiosis.

A.      Introduction

1.      Simply stated, the theory of endosymbiosis is the concept that mitochondria and chloroplasts are the result of years of evolution initiated by the endocytosis of bacteria and blue-green algae which, instead of becoming digested, became symbiotic.
2.      Alternate theories of the evolution of eukaryotic cells.

a)       The mitochondria and chloroplasts are developments of the invaginations of the cell membrane. Such that the rest of the cell, being relieved from power house duties, became highly developed and evolved.

b)       The bacterium some how developed externally, and the casing around the bacterium is now what we call a eukaryotic cell.

3.      We will never be able to turn back the clocks, thus we will never be absolutely sure of the correct answer.

B.      Is it feasible to consider that a bacterium was once ingested by a "eukaryotic cell" such that the bacterium became symbiotic?

1.      Some dinoflagellates have been observed to have two nuclei.  It is now known that one alga cell is completely encompassed within the cell of the dinoflagellate.  They apparently undergo simultaneous mitosis and cellular division.

2.      Viable chloroplasts can be incorporated (from algae) into the gut cells of a sea slug. These chloroplasts seem to be non-dividing, but survive much longer than we can get chloroplasts to survive in vitro.

3.      Mouse fibroblast cells will artificially take up isolated chloroplasts, and the latter will remain functional for a time. The same can be done for mitochondria.

4.      There are ciliated protozoa with chloroplasts and eye spots.

5.      There are obvious possible ecological values for endosymbiotic relationships.

C.      Factors in favor of mitochondrial and chloroplast endosymbiosis.

1.      Outer membrane is similar to the plasma membrane.

2.      Mitochondria look a lot like bacteria; chloroplasts look a lot like blue-green algae. These organelles are similar to prokaryotes in that:

a)       Both have circular, naked (little protein) DNA. Most other quirks that distinguish prokaryotic DNA and eukaryotic DNA (except introns), suggest mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA is prokaryotic.

b)       RNA is similar

c)       Both have prokaryotic type and size ribosomes.

d)       Inner membrane lipids of mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar to their prokaryotic counterparts.

e)       Membrane proteins are highly similar (All of the electron transport enzymes and the H+ ATPase - these are NEVER found any where else in the eukaryotic cell other than mitochondria and/or chloroplasts.)

f)        Soluble enzymes are very similar (e.g. Kreb?s cycle enzymes).

3.      Mitochondria and chloroplasts seem to divide independently of the rest of the eukaryotic cell.

4.      Eukaryotes are very good at endocytosis.

D.      Factors against the theory:

1.      Mitochondria and chloroplasts only code for a few proteins. Most of the proteins found in the organelles are actually coded for by the nuclear DNA. (Did the organelle DNA jump to the nuclear DNA in evolutionary history?)

a)       Because of this, it is not surprising that mitochondria nor chloroplasts have been shown to be able to live on their own when isolated from the eukaryotic cell.

2.      Mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA have introns, a phenomenon never seen in prokaryotes.(Did this characteristic jump from the nuclear DNA to the organelle DNA?)

3.      If the theory of endosymbiosis is true, then one must ask what was the original eukaryotic cell (without mitochondria or chloroplasts) and how did it survive (glycolysis?). Why have not any primitive eukaryotic cells ever be found that are devoid of these organelles (is today's eukaryote just too superior?)
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