Ch09 Lifespan Development

Chapter 9 - Lifespan Development 1. Psychologists use the term ________ to refer to patterns of physical, intellectual, and social change occurring throughout life. a. maturation b. development c. learning d. personality Answer: b Page: 219 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 2. The beginning of Chapter 9 in your text suggests that knowledge and behavior are products of a. genetics. b. the environment. c. intelligent design. d. Both A and B Answer: d Page: 220 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 3. Recall the discussion of ongoing controversies in Chapter 1 of your text, as well as the opening discussion of developmental psychology in Chapter 9. Which of the following intellectual issues would seem MOST relevant to developmental psychology? a. nature vs. nurture b. determinism vs. free will c. individual differences vs. universal principles d. internal mind vs. observable behavior Answer: a Page: 220 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 4. Ava and Bella are identical twins. They were adopted at birth by different families and raised in different environments. How are any similarities between Ava and Bella informative for developmental psychology, if indeed they are? a. Their similarities reflect the influence of “nature” on development. b. Their similarities reflect the influence of “nurture” on development. c. Their similarities reflect the influence of a complex interaction between “nature” and “nurture” on development. d. Their similarities are not especially informative for developmental psychology. Answer: a Page: 220 APA Goal: Goal 2: Research Methods in Psychology 5. Mark is a graduate student who is studying identity formation. He interviews a group of 5-year-olds, a group of 10-year-olds, and a group of 15-year-olds and asks them what they plan to be when they finish school. In this example, Mark is using a(n) __________ research design. a. longitudinal b. cross-sectional c. sequential d. multi-factorial Answer: b Page: 222 APA Goal: Goal 2: Research Methods in Psychology 6. Dr. Irwin is testing the same individuals repeatedly over time as part of a research study. Dr. Irwin is using a _________ research design. a. cross-sectional b. longitudinal c. simultaneous d. sequential Answer: b Pages: 222–223 APA Goal: Goal 2: Research Methods in Psychology 7. Dr. Jenner is comparing the performance of different people of various ages at the same time. Dr. Jenner is using a ________ design. a. cross-sectional b. longitudinal c. simultaneous d. sequential Answer: a Pages: 222–223 APA Goal: Goal 2: Research Methods in Psychology 8. The sequential research design may be seen as a. essentially the same thing as a longitudinal design. b. the opposite of the cross-sectional design. c. unrelated to either the longitudinal or the cross-sectional design. d. a combination of the cross-sectional and longitudinal designs. Answer: d Page: 223 APA Goal: Goal 2: Research Methods in Psychology 9. A fertilized egg, or zygote, contains ______ chromosomes. a. 46 pairs of b. 23 c. 23 pairs of d. two pairs of Answer: c Page: 223 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 10. One baby receives an X chromosome from its mother and an X chromosome from its father; it will develop as a(n) __________. A second baby receives an X chromosome from its mother and a Y chromosome from its father; it will develop as a(n) __________. a. male; female b. female; male c. a male or a female; a male or a female d. female; female, too Answer: b Page: 223 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 11. Which of the following is true about conception? a. It is the fertilization of the female egg by the male sperm. b. The new cell is called a neonate. c. The neonate starts out as a microscopic speck. d. All these are true. Answer: a Page: 223 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge of Psychology 12. Which of the following sequences accurately reflects the order of the stages of prenatal development, ordered from conception to birth? a. fetal germinal embryonic b. fetal embryonic germinal c. germinal fetal embryonic d. germinal embryonic fetal Answer: d Pages: 223–224 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 13. The first 2 weeks of a pregnancy, from conception to implantation, are termed the ________ period. a. embryonic b. germinal c. fetal d. critical Answer: b Page: 223–224 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 14. The longest part of a pregnancy, from the 8th week through to birth, is the _______ period. a. germinal b. embryonic c. critical d. fetal Answer: d Page: 224 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 15. Which period of prenatal development is CORRECTLY matched with a description or milestone? a. germinal; the organism grows from one to hundreds of cells b. embryonic; facial features become similar to those that the child will display at birth c. fetal; rudimentary organs develop d. All these are correctly matched. Answer: a Pages: 223–224 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 16. Sensitive or critical periods in development may occur a. only before birth. b. only after birth. c. either before or after birth. d. only during puberty. Answer: c Page: 224 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 17. Which genetic or chromosomal abnormality below is INCORRECTLY matched with its description? a. Phenylketonuria—the child cannot produce a critical enzyme, resulting in an accumulation of poisons, in turn causing mental retardation. b. Tay-Sachs disease—a genetic disease producing abnormal red blood cells. c. Down syndrome—the child receives an extra chromosome; mental retardation results. d. None of these is incorrectly matched. Answer: b Page: 225 APA Goal: Goal 4: Application of Psychology 18. Two-year old Zack has an inherited disorder in which his body cannot break down fat. He will probably die by the time he is 4. Zack probably suffers from a. phenylketonuria. b. sickle-cell anemia. c. Tay-Sachs disease. d. Down syndrome. Answer: c Page: 225 APA Goal: Goal 4: Application of Psychology 19. A teratogen is a. an environmental agent that can produce a birth defect. b. a genetic or chromosomal abnormality that may produce a developmental disorder. c. an irregularly shaped polygon. d. either A or B Answer: a Page: 225 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 20. Dominic’s mother consumed a substantial amount of alcohol during her pregnancy; Dominic’s intelligence is below normal, his growth is slowed, and his facial features are slightly deformed. Elijah’s mother also consumed alcohol, and Elijah shows some but not all of the problems Dominic displays. Dominic suffers from ___________; Elijah, from ___________. a. fetal alcohol effects; fetal alcohol syndrome b. fetal alcohol effects; fetal alcohol effects also c. fetal alcohol syndrome; fetal alcohol effects d. fetal alcohol syndrome; fetal alcohol syndrome as well Answer: c Page: 226 APA Goal: Goal 4: Application of Psychology 21. The presence of an extra chromosome results in the developmental disorder called a. Down syndrome b. sickle-cell anemia c. Tay-Sachs disease d. phenylketonuria (PKU) Answer: a Page: 225 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 22. Which infant reflex is INCORRECTLY matched with its description? a. Babinski reflex: an infant flings out the arms and arches its back in response to a sudden noise. b. rooting reflex: an infant turns its head toward something touching its cheek. c. startle reflex: an infant’s toes fan out when the edge of the sole of the foot is stroked. d. Both A and C are incorrectly matched. Answer: d Pages: 226 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 23. Clea is 3 months old; Dante is 7 months old; and Enid is 15 months old. Which baby is most likely UNABLE to perform the action with which he or she is paired? a. Clea; rolls over b. Dante; stands alone c. Enid; walks d. Each of these infants can probably perform the task with which he or she is matched. Answer: b Page: 227 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 24. As psychologists use the term, to “habituate” means a. to clothe. b. to inhabit. c. to notice. d. to become accustomed. Answer: d Page: 227 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 25. Pamela is 2 days old. She is likely to display a. a preference for patterns with edges over patterns with less distinct patterns. b. the ability to tell one facial expression of emotion from another. c. the ability to imitate an adult’s facial expression. d. All these behaviors Answer: d Page: 227 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 26. By the end of the 1st week of life, infants display each of the following auditory abilities EXCEPT a. discriminating any sound difference relevant to the production of language. b. telling very similar sounds apart. c. distinguishing the language of their parents from another language. d. recognizing their own mothers’ voices. Answer: a Page: 228 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 27. Harry Harlow completed a number of studies in which baby rhesus monkeys were raised with two artificial mothers. One of the mothers was made of wire and delivered food; the other was made of cloth and provided no food. Harlow found that when the infant monkeys were startled or frightened, they a. preferred the wire surrogate that provided food. b. avoided both surrogates and huddled in a corner. c. preferred the cloth surrogate that did not provide food. d. showed no clear preference, and ran to whichever surrogate was closer. Answer: c Page: 230 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 28. Harry Harlow completed a number of studies in which baby rhesus monkeys were raised with two artificial mothers. One of the mothers was made of wire and delivered food, and the other was made of cloth and provided no food. Harlow was interested in which of the mothers the infant monkeys would seek out when they were startled or frightened. In these studies the dependent variable was a. the material from which the surrogate was made. b. the surrogate that the infant monkey preferred when it was startled. c. the age of the infant monkey at the time of the test. d. the length of time the infant monkey spent exploring the cage. Answer: b Page: 230 APA Goal: Goal 2: Research Methods in Psychology 29. Children who are securely rather than ambivalently or avoidantly attached during infancy a. are more socially and emotionally competent during childhood. b. are less likely to have psychological problems later on. c. tend to have more successful romantic relationships in adulthood. d. All these are true. Answer: d Page: 230 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 30. Which of the following figures best approximates the percentage of families in which the father stays home to care for preschool children? a. 2 b. 5 c. 15 d. 25 Answer: c Page: 230 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge of Psychology 31. Which of the following phrases best captures how children’s play changes through toddlerhood? a. from “pretend” to realistic b. from physical to verbal c. from ritualistic to improvisational d. from parallel to interactive Answer: d Page: 231 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 32. In investigations of the influence of culture on children’s play, it appears that a. Korean American children engage in proportionately less parallel play than do Anglo-American children. b. Korean American children engage in proportionately more parallel play than do Anglo-American children. c. Korean American children engage in proportionately less “pretend” play than do Anglo-American children. d. Both B and C Answer: d Page: 231 APA Goal: Goal 8: Sociocultural and International Awareness 33. Which of the following is a benefit of children’s social interaction? a. It helps children interpret the meaning of others’ behavior. b. It helps children develop the capacity to respond appropriately to others’ behavior. c. It helps children learn physical and emotional self-control. d. All these are benefits. Answer: d Page: 231 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge of Psychology 34. Hailey’s parents demand her strict obedience; “backtalk” is not tolerated. In Baumrind’s terms, Hailey’s parents are a. authoritarian. b. authoritative . c. permissive. d. indifferent. Answer: a Page: 231 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 35. Isabella’s parents are firm but are likely to reason with her and explain the consequences of her behavior. In Baumrind’s terms, Isabella’s are a. authoritarian. b. authoritative. c. permissive. d. indifferent. Answer: b Page: 231 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 36. Jack, a middle-schooler, is somewhat immature; he is “clingy” and sometimes lacks self-control. It is possible that his parents were too a. authoritarian. b. authoritative. c. permissive. d. uninvolved. Answer: c Page: 231–232 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 37. The study of attachment style is associated with a. Baumrind. b. Ainsworth. c. Erikson. d. Freud. Answer: b Pages: 230 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 38. The study of parenting style is associated with a. Baumrind. b. Ainsworth. c. Erikson. d. Freud. Answer: a Pages: 232 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 39. In Ainsworth’s studies on infant attachment, the __________ infants rarely cried when left alone with a stranger. a. ambivalent b. independent c. avoidant d. securely attached Answer: c Page: 230 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge of Psychology 40. Which of the following constructs primarily reflects “nature”? a. attachment style b. temperament c. Both A and B d. Neither A nor B Answer: b Page: 232 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 41. Recall the Eriksonian stages of personality development that occur during childhood. Which is/are correctly matched with the appropriate ages below? a. trust vs. mistrust—ages 0–1 b. autonomy vs. doubt—ages 1–3 c. initiative vs. guilt—ages 3–6 d. All these are correctly matched. Answer: d Pages: 232–233 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 42. Bonnie is 3 months old, and her parents attend only inconsistently to her needs. Sometimes they are very attentive, feeding her promptly when she cries and comforting her when she seems upset. Other times, Bonnie cries for a long time before her parents attend to her. Based on Erikson’s theory, it is likely that Bonnie will develop a. a general sense of mistrust. b. a sense of inferiority. c. role confusion. d. a sense of despair. Answer: a Page: 233 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 43. According to Erikson, the first stage of a child’s psychosocial development is the ________ stage. a. trust-versus-mistrust b. sensorimotor c. autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt d. intimacy-versus-isolation Answer: a Page: 233 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 44. Which of the following accurately reflects a positive aspect of Erikson’s stage theory of psychosocial development? a. Erikson focused equally on the development of males and females. b. Erikson provided precise mechanisms to account for the transition from one stage to the next. c. Erikson validated his theory cross-culturally. d. Erikson’s theory encompassed the entire lifespan, not just the childhood years. Answer: d Page: 233 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 45. Which of the following sequences accurately reflects the order of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development, from birth through adolescence? a. sensorimotor concrete operational preoperational formal operational b. preoperational concrete operational preoperational formal operational c. sensorimotor preoperational concrete operational formal operational d. nonoperational preoperational operational postoperational Answer: c Page: 235 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 46. Which age range below is INCORRECTLY labeled with a Piagetian stage? a. 0–2 years; sensorimotor stage b. 2–7 years; preoperational stage c. 7–12 years; concrete operational stage d. 12 years—adulthood; postoperational stage Answer: d Page: 236 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 47. Megan said “ It stopped raining because I wanted to go outside and play.” This is an example of a. conservation. b. object permanence. c. egocentric thought. d. scaffolding. Answer: c Page: 235 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 48. Matt said “ It stopped raining because I wanted to go outside and play.” This indicates that Matt is in the __________ stage of cognitive development. a. sensorimotor b. formal operational c. properational d. concrete operational Answer: c Page: 235 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 49. During the sensorimotor period a. children begin to understand reversibility. b. schemata revolve primarily around sensory and motor abilities. c. mental operations are tied to actual objects in the real world. d. individuals can consider hypothetical outcomes and make logical deductions. Answer: b Page: 235 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 50. Janelle and Kendra were playing with two balls of clay. Kendra was molding a cake, and Janelle was making a bowl. Janelle then suggested that they get new balls of clay so they could make something different. Kendra informed her that no new clay was necessary, because the clay could be remolded to make different objects. Kendra is teaching the principle of __________ to Janelle. a. conservation b. egocentric thought c. reversibility d. object permanence Answer: c Page: 235–236 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 51. Which of the following statements best expresses preoperational children’s degree of cognitive sophistication? a. They understand that objects exist when they are not visible. b. They can pretend that one object is another. c. They can perform such mental operations as conservation. d. They are capable of abstract, hypothetical thought. Answer: b Pages: 235 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 52. Some Western legal systems denote either 7 or 8 as the age at which a child attains reason. Is such a designation defensible from a Piagetian standpoint? a. Yes. Children do acquire some basic reasoning skills during the concrete operational period. b. Yes. Children become capable of abstract, hypothetical reasoning during the concrete operational period. c. No. Children are unable to reason prior to the formal operational period. d. No. Children can reason much earlier than this, during the preoperational period. Answer: a Page: 235 APA Goal: Goal 4: Application of Psychology 53. In one elementary school curriculum, mathematical variables first appear in the sixth grade. Why are they not introduced in the fourth or fifth grade? a. Children in the concrete operational stage cannot reason with hypothetical entities such as variables. b. I’m not sure. According to Piaget, concrete operational children should be able to reason with variables. c. Children are incapable of conservation and reversibility until the beginning of the formal operational period. d. Dealing with variables requires postconventional thought, which does not usually appear until adolescence. Answer: a Page: 235–236 APA Goal: Goal 4: Application of Psychology 54. Which of the following is NOT a criticism that has been leveled at Piaget’s theory of cognitive development? a. Many people never reach the formal operational stage of thought, which Piaget considered the endpoint of cognitive development. b. Cognitive development may proceed more gradually and in a more ongoing fashion than a stage theory such as Piaget’s would suggest. c. Children are generally less sophisticated in their cognitive development than Piaget proposed; that is, Piaget tended to overestimate children’s level of cognitive development. d. All these criticisms have been directed toward Piaget’s theory. Answer: c Pages: 236–237 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 55. Which of the following does NOT accurately reflect a contribution of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development? a. Empirical evidence affirms Piaget’s claim that development proceeds in distinct stages, rather than in a continuous fashion. b. Piaget’s theory gives a relatively accurate account of age-related changes in cognitive development. c. Piaget’s theory has been highly influential in education. d. Piaget’s theory has influenced work in animal cognition. Answer: a Pages: 236–237 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 56. Which of the Piagetian stages of cognitive development is probably most vulnerable to the criticism that it lacks cross-cultural generality? a. sensorimotor b. preoperational c. concrete operational d. formal operational Answer: d Page: 236 APA Goal: Goal 8: Sociocultural and International Awareness 57. As compared to Piaget, Vygotsky placed ________ emphasis on the _________ bases of cognitive development. a. less; social b. less; linguistic c. more; social d. more; perceptual Answer: c Page: 237 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 58. Vygotsky’s cognitive theory promotes better learning with the assistance of a. conservation. b. object permanence. c. egocentric thought. d. scaffolding. Answer: d Page: 237–238 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 59. Twelve-year-old Nathaniel was having trouble solving the word problems in his math homework. However, when his dad helped him by reading the problems aloud and emphasizing the important information, Nathaniel could solve all the problems correctly. This interaction illustrates a. Piaget’s concept of conservation. b. Erikson’s concept of industry versus inferiority. c. Piaget’s concept of concrete operational thought. d. Vygotsky’s concept of the zone of proximal development. Answer: d Pages: 238 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 60. Two children are participating in memory research: Heather, a preschooler, and Illeana, a sixth-grader. When the children fail a recall task, the researcher asks each child what she might do to succeed at the task the next time. Heather suggests that she would simply try again; Illeana proposes that she might try to write the items down. The difference in the girls’ responses most clearly illustrates an increase in _________ during childhood. a. memory capacity b. operational thinking c. metacognitive ability d. proximal development Answer: c Page: 237 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 61. Girls typically experience the adolescent growth spurt ________ than do boys. a. 6 months earlier b. 2 years earlier c. 6 months later d. 2 years later Answer: b Page: 239 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 62. At least in Western, industrialized nations, the age of the onset of puberty has decreased 3–4 years in the last century. This probably reflects a. improved medical care and living conditions. b. changes in the genetic makeup of people. c. poor diets that are high in junk foods. d. the emphasis on strenuous daily exercise and sports. Answer: a Page: 239 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 63. According to your text, empirical research suggests that early physical maturation is ________ for males and ________ for females. a. advantageous; advantageous b. advantageous; disadvantageous c. advantageous; both advantageous and disadvantageous d. Both advantageous and disadvantageous; disadvantageous Answer: c Page: 239 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 64. The most influential theory of moral development in psychology is that of a. Harlow. b. Vygotsky. c. Ainsworth. d. Kohlberg. Answer: d Page: 241 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 65. Kohlberg’s theory of moral development most immediately reflects a. Ainsworth’s attachment styles. b. Erikson’s stage theory of psychosocial development. c. Piaget’s theory of cognitive development. d. None of these Answer: c Page: 241 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 66. Criticism of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development has revolved around a. its potential lack of generality across genders and cultures. b. its focus on moral judgments rather than moral behavior. c. its failure to take cognitive development into account. d. Both A and B Answer: d Page: 241–242 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 67. According to Erikson, the psychosocial crisis of intimacy versus isolation occurs a. during the first year of life. b. between the ages of 3 and 6. c. during the early adult years. d. during adolescence. Answer: c Page: 243 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 68. If Mike is struggling to achieve generativity rather than stagnation, Mike is probably a. an adolescent. b. a young adult. c. middle-aged. d. elderly. Answer: c Page: 243 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 69. Yolanda is 24. Assume that she successfully completes the identity crisis associated with her current Eriksonian stage. Which of the following is her correct developmental outcome? a. intimacy b. generativity c. identity d. ego integrity Answer: a Page: 243 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 70. Zachary is 44. Assume that he successfully completes the identity crisis associated with his current Eriksonian stage. Which of the following is his correct developmental outcome? a. intimacy b. generativity c. identity d. ego integrity Answer: b Page: 243 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 71. Andrew is 73. Assume that he successfully completes the identity crisis associated with his current Eriksonian stage. Which of the following is his correct developmental outcome? a. intimacy b. generativity c. identity d. ego integrity Answer: d Page: 243 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 72. Which alternative below best approximates the frequency of adolescent suicide? a. It is the leading cause of death among teenagers; every 30 minutes, a teenager commits suicide. b. It is among the top five leading causes of death among teenagers; every 90 minutes, a teenager commits suicide. c. It is among the top 10 leading causes of death among teenagers; every 2 hours, a teenager commits suicide. d. It is actually less common than one might think and is not among the top 10 leading causes of death among adolescents. Answer: b Page: 243 APA Goal: Goal 4: Application of Psychology 73. Which of the following has NOT been suggested as a risk factor for adolescent suicide? a. alcoholism and drug abuse b. stress and anxiety c. perfectionism d. All these have been identified as potential risk factors. Answer: d Page: 244 APA Goal: Goal 4: Application of Psychology 74. Regarding demographic differences in suicide rates, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. The suicide rate is greater among nonwhites than it is among whites. b. The suicide rate is greater among males than it is among females. c. Both of these are false. d. Neither of these is false. Answer: a Page: 244 APA Goal: Goal 4: Application of Psychology 75. Around the world, in most cultures, rites of passage a. are focused mostly on the coming of age of young males. b. have largely disappeared. c. are focused mostly on the coming of age of young females. d. are focused equally on the coming of age of young males, and that of young females. Answer: a Page: 245 APA Goal: Goal 8: Sociocultural and International Awareness 76. Dr. Agnew remarks that cross-culturally, rites of passage may be more common for young males than for young females, because males have higher status than do females in most cultures. Dr. Blaine counters by suggesting that rites of passage may be more common for young males than for young females, because unlike females, males do not experience the onset of menstruation, a well-defined event marking the end of childhood. How might you characterize the views of the two professors on the nature vs. nurture issue? a. Both take a “nature” position. b. Both take a “nurture” position. c. Dr. Agnew takes a “nature” position; Dr. Blaine, a “nurture” position. d. Dr. Agnew takes a “nurture” position; Dr. Blaine, a “nature” position. Answer: d Page: 245 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 77. Once adults pass their physical peak in their 20s, most will experience a. a rapid, steady decline in all areas of physical function. b. no noticeable declines in any area of physical function. c. slow, steady improvements in physical strength and stamina. d. a slow, steady decline in all areas of physical function. Answer: d Page: 246 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 78. The period when a woman’s menstrual cycle stops completely is called a. menarche. b. menopause. c. amenorrhea. d. the zygotic period. Answer: b Page: 246 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 79. Adverse reactions to menopause among middle-aged women: nature or nurture? a. Nature—adverse reactions to menopause are universal across cultures. b. Nature—adverse reactions to menopause vary cross-culturally. c. Nurture—the likelihood of adverse reactions to menopause is negatively correlated with the value a culture places on old age. d. Nurture—the likelihood of adverse reactions to menopause is positively correlated with the value a culture places on old age. Answer: c Page: 246 APA Goal: Goal 8: Sociocultural and International Awareness 80. How many adults experience a midlife crisis? a. Virtually all do. b. A substantial majority do. c. About half do. d. Only a minority do. Answer: d Page: 246 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 81. Denise is in her mid-40s; she has never married and is childless. Her job is routine, and she feels as if she hasn’t really done much to contribute to society’s future. In Erikson’s terms, Denise is experiencing a. isolation. b. despair. c. stagnation. d. role confusion. Answer: c Page: 241 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 82. According to your text, approximately what proportion of American children will experience the breakup of their parents’ marriage? a. one-quarter b. one-third c. two-fifths d. one-half Answer: c Page: 247 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 83. As compared to children in two-parent families, children in single-parent families are a. less well-adjusted. b. more likely poor. c. Both A and B d. Neither A nor B Answer: b Page: 247 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 84. Which of the following figures best approximates the percentage of married women with school-age children who work outside the home? a. 35% b. 40% c. 50% d. 75% Answer: d Page: 248 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 85. Imagine that you are preparing a graph showing the proportion of white, Hispanic, and African-American children living in single-parent families. The ethnic group should appear on the _____-axis; a _______ graph would be most appropriate. a. x; bar b. y; bar c. x; line d. y; line Answer: a Page: 247 APA Goal: Goal 7: Communication Skills 86. Imagine a line graph showing two lines. Line A displays the mean number of hours per week spent in out-of-home employment by married women over the past several decades. Line B displays the mean number of hours spent on housework each week by married women over the past several decades. Based on your text’s discussion, which of the following is probably TRUE? a. The slope of Line A is positive and the slope of Line B is 0 or negative. b. The slopes of the two lines are more or less equivalent. c. The slope of Line A is less than that of Line B. d. The slopes of both lines are negative. Answer: a Page: 248 APA Goal: Goal 7: Communication Skills 87. Which theory of aging suggests that mechanical functions of the body work less efficiently as people age? a. wear-and-tear theory b. genetic preprogramming theory c. disengagement theory d. activity theory Answer: a Page: 249 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 88. Dr. Ledet finds that on average, the scores of his older adult participants on a standardized intelligence test are lower than those of his young adult participants. Although these results might suggest that intellectual functioning declines in later adulthood, which of the following alternative explanations must be taken into account? a. The older adults may be less healthy physically than the younger participants. b. The older adults may have less formal education on average than might their younger counterparts. c. The standardized test may fail to tap into practical intelligence, an area which might be less susceptible to decline with age. d. All these alternatives should be considered. Answer: d Page: 249 APA Goal: Goal 4: Application of Psychology 89. Recall the discussion of hypotheses and theories in the research methods chapter of your text. Which of the following is not an operational definition of fluid intelligence? a. the speed with which numerical calculations are performed b. a score on a vocabulary test c. the accuracy with which analogies between abstract diagrams are solved d. Neither A nor C is an operational definition of fluid intelligence. Answer: b Page: 250 APA Goal: Goal 2: Research Methods in Psychology 90. Which of the following statements accurately expresses the relationship with age of scores on measures of fluid intelligence, on the one hand, and scores on measures of crystallized intelligence, on the other? a. Scores on fluid intelligence measures are negatively correlated with age, whereas those on measures of crystallized intelligence may actually be positively correlated with age. b. Scores on fluid intelligence measures may be positively correlated with age, whereas those on measures of crystallized intelligence are negatively correlated with age. c. Scores on measures of both fluid and crystallized intelligence may be positively correlated with age. d. Scores on measures of both fluid and crystallized intelligence are negatively correlated with age. Answer: a Page: 250 APA Goal: Goal 4: Application of Psychology 91. Research examining the potential influence of culture on memory among older adults has shown that apparent age-related declines in memory a. are more or less universal. b. are inevitable and irreversible in Western cultures but less apparent in China, where older people are revered. c. are largely a myth, regardless of which culture is examined. d. can be reversed in Western cultures. Answer: d Page: 250 APA Goal: Goal 8: Sociocultural and International Awareness 92. Age-related declines are more apparent in ______ memory than in ______ memory. a. episodic; semantic b. semantic; episodic c. implicit; explicit d. semantic and implicit; episodic and explicit Answer: a Page: 250 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 93. Dr. Stein is a psychologist who takes a “nurture” stance on the nature vs. nurture issue. Which of the following explanations is she most likely to offer to account for age-related memory declines? a. Older adults are not held in high esteem in our culture, and we expect their cognitive functioning to decline. b. Older adults no longer face the cognitive challenges encountered at work. c. The production of proteins in the brain breaks down, causing the deterioration of nerve cells. d. She might offer either or both A or B as explanations. Answer: d Page: 250 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 94. Bea is 70 years old. She works part-time at a discount store, volunteers occasionally at a local food bank, gardens, and enjoys the company of her family and the members of her bridge club. According to the ______ theory of aging, Bea is aging successfully. a. activity b. Kübler-Ross c. disengagement d. wear-and-tear Answer: a Page: 251 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 95. Which of the following is the correlation coefficient one would most likely find between life expectancy and scores on a measure of positive self-perceptions of aging? a. .00 b. –.20 c. .20 d. .80 Answer: c Page: 251 APA Goal: Goal 2: Research Methods in Psychology 96. The life review occurs in Erikson’s ___________ stage. a. generativity vs. stagnation b. intimacy vs. isolation c. identity vs. role confusion d. integrity vs. despair Answer: d Page: 251 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 97. In order, the first two stages in Kübler-Ross’s theory of the acceptance of impending death are a. anger denial. b. denial anger. c. anger depression. d. denial depression. Answer: b Page: 252 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 98. The study of the patterns of growth and change that occur throughout life is referred to as __________. Answer: developmental psychology Page: 220 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 99. The issue of the degree to which the environment and heredity influence behavior is known as the __________ issue. Answer: nature-nurture Page: 220 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 100. Dr. Carruthers believes that a combination of hereditary and environmental factors influences development. Dr. Carruthers has adopted a _________ position on the nature vs. nurture issue. Answer: interactionist Page: 221 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 101. Chromosomes contain __________ of genes. Answer: thousands Page: 223 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 102. Belinda is eight weeks pregnant. Her developing baby is now called a(n) ________. Answer: fetus Page: 224 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 103. A condition in which children show some but not all of the effects of fetal alcohol syndrome is called __________. Answer: fetal alcohol effects Page: 226 APA Goal: Goal 4: Application of Psychology 104. Unlearned automatic responses to particular stimuli are called _________. Answer: reflexes Page: 226 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 105. At first, the buzzing sound of your new alarm clock woke you up reliably; now, though, you always sleep through the sound. You have __________ to the clock’s alarm tone. Answer: habituated Page: 227 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 106. Infant attachment is often assessed in the laboratory through a method called the ________. Answer: Strange Situation Page: 230 APA Goal: Goal 2: Research Methods in Psychology 107. Gavin is always anxious and on edge when his girlfriend is away working the late shift. When she returns, he craves reassurance from her but sometimes drives her away by expressing his insecurity about their relationship. Gavin’s attachment style may be best described as _________. Answer: ambivalent Page: 230 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 108. Of Baumrind’s four parenting styles, the _________ style is associated with the best developmental outcomes. Answer: authoritative Page: 232 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 109. In Erikson’s theory, children in elementary school are generally in the __________ stage. Answer: industry-versus-inferiority Page: 233 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 110. The realization that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight is termed _______ in Piaget’s theory. Answer: object permanence Page: 235 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 111. In Piaget’s theory, understanding the principle of __________ marks the transition from preoperational to concrete operational thought. Answer: conservation Page: 235 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 112. In Carol Gilligan’s theory, morality is based on _______, rather than on justice, as is the case in Kohlberg’s theory. Answer: caring Page: 242 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 113. In Erikson’s view, adolescent development is largely defined by the search for ________. Answer: identity Page: 242 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 114. The most noteworthy feature of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development is that it suggests that development is a __________. Answer: lifelong process Page: 243 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 115. Menopause is accompanied by a decrease in the production of a hormone called ________. Answer: estrogen Page: 246 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 116. The __________ theory of aging states that aging involves a gradual withdrawal from the world. Answer: disengagement Page: 251 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 117. Mrs. Kendall is completing the vocabulary portion of an intelligence test as a participant in a cognitive aging study. Mrs. Kendall is completing a test of ________ intelligence. Answer: crystallized Page: 250 APA Goal: Goal 4: Application of Psychology 118. __________ is a term once typically applied to older adults who experience deterioration of mental abilities, including memory loss, disorientation to time and place, and general confusion. Answer: Senility Page: 250 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 119. Recall the perspectives in contemporary psychology described in Chapter 1 of your text. Compare and contrast several of the perspectives with respect to their position on the nature vs. nurture issue. For each perspective that you describe, suggest a topic in developmental psychology that might be of particular interest to investigators. Answer: The answer should include three or more of the following: The neuroscience perspective—focuses on the biological basis of behavior; includes the study of heredity, evolution, and the brain and the nervous system. Assumes that there is a substantial “nature” component to thought and behavior in the form of our genetic heritage and the basic architecture of the nervous system. However, our environment can influence the expression of our genetic heritage and can modify the characteristics of the nervous system. Neuroscientists might explore the effect of environmental experiences on the density of connections in the developing brain prior to adulthood. The psychodynamic perspective—focuses on inner forces and conflicts of which we have little awareness. Thought and behavior reflect an interaction between innate, fundamental biological urges toward sex and aggression and experiences in the environment. Psychodynamic psychologists might be interested in the role that parenting practices play in the successful negotiation of key developmental tasks or conflicts such as weaning and toilet training. The behavioral perspective—focuses on the role of the environment in shaping observable behavior. An extreme “nurture” view in which behavior is determined by associations between stimuli in the environment and the timing and nature of reinforcements and punishments determined by the environment. Behavioral researchers might be interest in the effects of behavioral modification program on children’s ability to persist in homework behavior. The cognitive perspective—focuses on how people think, understand, and know about the world. Assumes a sizeable nature component to cognition in the form of the basic architecture of the nervous system; however, the environment and one’s culture can influence cognitive processes. Cognitive researchers might examine the development of children’s reasoning ability from preschool into the middle-school years. The humanistic perspective—focuses on the conscious choices individuals make as they self-actualize. As a nondeterministic system, the perspective tends to avoid the nature vs. nurture issue, preferring to consider individuals’ thoughts and behaviors in the here and now rather the distant roots of thought and behavior. Humanistic researchers might focus on the relationship between middle-aged adults’ work-related thoughts and behaviors and their psychological well-being and degree of self-actualization. Pages: 220–223 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 120. Normal prenatal development occurs in 95% to 98% of all pregnancies. Identify two genetic or chromosomal abnormalities and two teratogens associated with birth defects in the remaining 2–5% of pregnancies. Describe the nature of their effects on development. Answer: Two of the following genetic or chromosomal abnormalities and two of the following teratogens should be described, along with the nature of their effects on development. Genetic/chromosomal abnormalities Phenylketonuria (PKU)—body does mot produce a required enzyme. A buildup of poisons may cause profound retardation. Treatable if detected early. Sickle-cell anemia—about 10% of the African-American population can pass on sickle-cell anemia, a disease involving abnormally shaped red blood cells. Children with the disorder have episodes of pain, yellowy eyes, stunted growth, and vision problems. Tay-Sachs disease—Most often found in Jews of Eastern European ancestry. The body is unable to break down fat. The child usually dies by the age of 3 or 4 years. Down syndrome—occurs when a zygote receives an extra chromosome at conception. Causes mental retardation. Mothers older than 35 or younger than 18 are at higher risk. Teratogens Mother’s nutrition—Undernourished mothers may give birth to underweight babies who are susceptible to disease Mother’s illness—Rubella, syphilis, diabetes, and high blood pressure may produce a permanent effect on the fetus if they occur early in the pregnancy. HIV may be passed from mother to child prenatally Mother’s emotional state—Mothers who are tense and anxious late in their pregnancy may have irritable infants who eat and sleep poorly. Mother’s use of illegal drugs (e.g., cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine)—babies may be born addicted to the drug and undergo painful withdrawal. Permanent physical and mental impairments may result. Alcohol—1 out of every 750 infants is born with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), a condition resulting in below-average intelligence, slowed growth, and facial deformities. In a condition known as fetal alcohol effects (FAE), children display some but not all of the problems of FAS. Pages: 225–226 APA Goal: Goal 4: Application of Psychology 121. Outline the perceptual capabilities and very young infants. How might these capabilities inform one’s position on the nature vs. nature debate? Provide as thoughtful a response as you can. Answer: The answer should include such points as the following: Vision—At birth infants prefer patterns with distinct contours and edges over less distinct ones. Neonates are sensitive to size constancy and can also discriminate and even imitate facial expressions. By the end of their first month, infants can distinguish colors. Around 4–5 months, they can focus on near or far objects, can recognize two- vs. three-dimensional objects, and are sensitive to the Gestalt principles of perceptual organization. By 7 months, they can respond differentially to different facial expressions. Hearing—Can recognize their own mothers’ voices at an age of 3 days. At 2 days, can distinguish between their native and foreign languages; can discriminate between closely related sounds (e.g., /ba/ and /pa/) at 4 days. These capabilities suggest a large “nature’ component to perceptual development. It seems that we are hardwired to perceive stimuli that may be evolutionarily relevant, such as faces and speech sounds. Pages: 226–228 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 122. Define the term attachment as it is used in psychology. Explain how attachment reflects a dynamic interplay between an infant and her caregiver. Finally, describe the behavior of securely attached infants in Ainsworth’s Strange Situation. Answer: The answer should include the following points: Attachment—a positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual, such as a caregiver. Attachment reflects a dynamic interplay between infant and caregiver. The infant is biologically programmed to display behaviors that encourage caregiving, such as smiling, cooing, cuddling, and so forth; the caregiver’s consistent response in turn reinforces such behaviors, making them even more likely, eliciting additional care, and so on. In the Strange Situation, securely attached infants use the caregiver as a safe home base from which they can range and explore. They are distressed when the caregiver leaves but get over it quickly; in addition, they return to the caregiver happily when she comes back. Pages: 229–230 APA Goal: Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology 123. Select either (a) Baumrind’s four parenting styles or (b) the four Eriksonian stages of psychosocial development occurring during childhood, Name each style or stage and provide a brief vignette or “case study” of a child exhibiting each style or stage. Answer: The answer should name the following styles or stages and include vignettes similar a) Baumrind’s parenting styles Authoritative. Rosanna is socially poised and popular. She completes her schoolwork conscientiously without direct supervision. She is pleasant and cooperative with her teachers. Authoritarian. Donna seems unfriendly and withdrawn. She has difficulty voicing her opinion or standing up for herself; instead, she tends to pull back into her shell. Permissive. Bernie has poor impulse control in the classroom; he seems socially immature and is given to occasional tantrums. He seems overly dependent on others. Uninvolved. Suzie is emotionally detached; she appears to have low self-esteem. Her attachment behaviors to teachers and other adults who show an interest in her are unusual; sometimes she is clingy and dependent, but on other occasions she is withdrawn. Suzie has poor social skills and seems rejected by her peers. b) Eriksonian stages of child psychosocial development Trust-versus-mistrust (ages 0 to 1½ ). One-year-old Chris was fortunate to have parents who responded promptly and consistently to his needs for food and comfort. Chris implicitly trusts others; he approaches new people and situations with curiosity. He calms down relatively quickly if he becomes upset. Autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt (ages 1½ to 3). Carlotta is 3. Her parents were permissive, exercising little control over Carlotta. Carlotta seems spoiled; she demands food, attention, and toys and is prone to backtalk and stubborn defiance. Initiative-versus-guilt (ages 3 to 6). Mickey is 4.5. He is beginning to make some decisions for himself; for example, his Mom allows him to select the play clothes he wears after school, the bath towel he’d prefer that week, and so on. Sometimes his parents will allow him to watch one of two TV shows or DVDSs. Industry-versus-inferiority (ages 6 to 12). Karen is 10. Her athletic activities after school—soccer, lacrosse—are important to her, as is her schoolwork. She tries to her best in any activity she undertakes. Pages: 232–233 APA Goal: Goal 4: Knowledge Base of Psychology 124. Making explicit reference to at least two of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development, suggest how Piaget’s theory has shaped pre-K and K–12 education as it is generally practiced in the United States and Canada. Answer: The answer should contain points similar to the following. Preoperational stage (ages 2 to 7). The most important development in this stage is the acquisition of language. From pre-K through the first grade, then, the focus is on beginning reading and writing instruction, preparing children to represent objects, people, and events symbolically and internally. Concrete operational stage (ages 7 though 12). In this stage, children have mastered conservation and begin to understand some logical principles as reversibility and class inclusion. In the second through the sixth grade, accordingly, math and science education assume increasing importance. The reversibility of operations in arithmetic (e.g., 2 + 7 = 7 + 2) is introduced, as is the hierarchical organization of species within the animal kingdom. Formal operational stage (ages 12 through adulthood). In this stage, children become capable of abstract, formal, logical thought. In Canada and the United States, variables are generally introduced in the sixth or seventh grade, when children are 11 or 12; at this point, they can comprehend the notion of an abstract entity that can assume varying values. Pages: 234–236 APA Goal: Goal 4: Application of Psychology 125. Making explicit reference to specific stages and concepts, describe your own adolescent and young adult development from an Eriksonian perspective. Try to capture some of the developmental tensions and challenges during this period in your narrative. Answer: The answer should make explicit reference to the identity-versus-role-confusion and intimacy-versus-isolation stages. The responses should be highly personalized and thus different for each student; however, such adolescent themes as trying to please parents, struggling against parents, seeking popularity, trying on different identities through different cliques, dramatic shifts in tastes, friendships and activities, and so on should be apparent as illustrations of the search for identity. The intimacy-versus-isolation stage would most probably be illustrated by a description of increasingly serious romantic relationships from the age of 16 or so onward. Pages: 242–243 APA Goal: Goal 9: Personal Development 126. Write two different vignettes, or brief case studies, each describing an adolescent displaying at least three suicide warning signs. In your vignettes, demonstrate your knowledge of the demographic influences on and the potential risk factors for suicide attempts. Answer: Ideally, a total of six of the following warning signs will be mentioned—three in each of two vignettes: School problems—truancy, change in grades Frequent incidents of self-destructive behavior (e.g., careless accidents) Disordered eating Social withdrawal Sleeping problems Signs of depression, tearfulness, or overt psychological difficulties, such as hallucinations Preoccupation with death or the afterlife Putting affairs in order (e.g., giving things away) Explicit announcement of thoughts of suicide A sample vignette might be as follows: Joan has seemed very depressed lately. She has been sleeping 11–12 hours per day and seems to have completely lost her appetite, only picking at and ultimately rejecting her food. She doesn’t return her friends calls or messages and stays in all weekend. Her friends are getting more and more worried. Pages: 243–244 APA Goal: Goal 4: Application of Psychology 127. How does the reality of late adulthood differ from the stereotypes of aging imparted by Western culture? Make reference to patterns of physical, cognitive, and social development in your answer. Answer: The answer should indicate that late adulthood is not only a time of inevitable, irreversible, and pervasive decline, as popular stereotypes might suggest. Points made might include the following: Physical development Physical declines do occur, but the leisure activities in which older adults participate do not differ all that much from those in which young adults actually participate, such as visiting with friends, walking, and eating. Cognitive development Crystallized intelligence may actually increase with advancing age. Older adults can compensate for intellectual declines; continued engagement with physical activity and intellectual challenges can help stem declines in memory and cognition. Social development Only a small minority of older adults report that they are lonely A positive self-perception of aging may actually increase longevity. Pages: 248–251 APA Goal: Goal 3: Critical Thinking Skills in Psychology 128. “Age-related declines in memory and cognition are largely a matter of nature.” “Age-related declines in memory and cognition are largely a matter of nurture.” Support one of these propositions using the empirical research described in your text or in class. Answer: Include such points as the following: Nature The brain changes during late adulthood. Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive brain disorder leading to a gradual and irreversible decline in cognitive abilities. By age 85, nearly half of adults are affected. During the disorder, the brain shrinks, neurons die, and areas of the hippocampus and frontal and temporal lobes deteriorate. Nurture Older adults can compensate for intellectual declines; teaching older adults strategies for dealing with new problems can prevent cognitive declines. Older adults in cultures in which older adults are revered (e.g., China) are less likely to show memory losses than are older adults in the West, where older adults are marginalized. When older adults in the West are reminded of the advantages of age, they tend to do better on memory tests than when they are not. Memory declines may reflect the less complex lives of older adults and the decrease in intellectual challenge typical of this phase of life. Page: 250–251 APA Goal: Goal 3: Critical Thinking Skills in Psychology