Ecology & Evolution Crerar Exam 2

Name: ____________________________________________________ G number: __________ Exam 2A: Foundations of Ecology and Evolution Fall 2016 Multiple Choice (2 points each). Test has 129 points on it. 1. Which of the following shapes is best for a wildlife preserve to minimize the edge effect? 477710560813285989358029 15353827019239272387777 A. B. C. D. Are the following true (A) or false (B)? B 2. The long patterns of heat, cold, rain and snow seen in the Washington area from 1776 until 2016 are called weather. B 3. There is more energy in red light than in violet. A 4. All of the energy produced by plants and algae is called primary productivity. B 5. Northern Virginia is closest to the Tropic of Capricorn. A 6. The general rule is that air temperature drops 5.5o C per 1000m of elevation. B 7. Cold air is less dense. B 8. The second law of thermodynamics states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can change form. A B 9. Oligotrophic lakes are clean, clear lakes with little productivity. A B 10. Every place on the globe gets the same amount of electromagnetic radiation. A 11. The temperature and rainfall tomorrow is called weather. B 12. All of the energy produced by organisms other than plants and algae is called primary productivity. A 13. You find a xeric community in a desert and a hydric community in a wetland. B 14. The tropics are at 37.5o North and South on the globe. A 15. Mason Pond is a culturally eutrophic water body due to construction. A 16. The climate of Great Britain is a result of the Gulf Stream. B 17. A deterministic model has built in parameters to show hurricanes and other processes. A 18. Evapotranspiration is the process of returning water to the atmosphere by forests. 19. What direction does the prevailing wind blow in Brazil, which is just south of the equator? A. West B. North C. South east D. South west 20. Examining mammal diversity in Virginia versus mammal diversity in Costa Rica, you can observe which of the following trends? A. There are many more species of chiropterans in Costa Rica than in Virginia. B. There are more insectivore species in Virginia than in Costa Rica. C. There are more primates in Costa Rica than in Virginia. D. Both A and B are correct trends in diversity. E. Both B and C are correct trends in diversity. The changes that happened in Lake Victoria were caused by the presence of perch in the ecosystem. Put the following steps in the process into the correct order. Not all steps are shown here and only one order is correct. A. first B. second C. third D. fourth E. fifth B 21. Plankton and snails increased in number dramatically. C 22. Humans started getting diseases from snails, like schistosomiasis. E 23. The forests were eliminated and the lake was filled with sediment. D 24. Wood was later required in order to smoke the perch. A 25. The plankton and snail eating fish were removed. 26. Which of the following did not happen on September 23, 2015? A. The Sun was directly overhead at the equator. B. It was the first day of Fall in the Northern Hemisphere. C. The Sun was directly overhead at the Tropic of Cancer. D. All areas of the globe had about 12 hours of daylight. E. It was a vernal equinox. Match the following characteristics to the biome they describe. Answers may be used more than once. A. tropical wet forest B. tropical moist forest C. tropical dry forest D. temperate wet forest A 27. Biome that gets 2-4 meters of rain each year and has temperatures near 25oC with a relative humidity of 80%. D 28. Wet forest on the north western coast of the United States. A 29. Does not really have a single dry season. B 30. Has a three-month dry season. C 31. Trees often flower in the dry season in this biome. As an ecologist, you are asked to look at a wetland. That wetland has areas of water and soil. There are animals there as well as features like the amount of sunlight it gets and the pH of the soil. All of these things are collectively called (32). There are water turtles and Canada geese there that feed on grass. Those are called (33). The grass that is eaten here is called a (34). All of the water turtles in this wetland are the same species (35) and live in the same area (36). (34) A. producers (32) B. a habitat (36) C. sympatric (33) D. herbivores (35) E. population The turtles can interbreed and have fertile offspring (37). There are many small assemblages of these turtles in little wetlands and marshes across Virginia (38). In the marsh are also bald eagles that feed on the turtles and the Canada geese (39). There is a complex relationship between all of these mash animals (40). Perhaps the most important things in the marsh are the qualities of pH and dissolved oxygen and sunlight and weather (41). (39) A. heterotrophs (38) B. metapopulation (40) C. food web (41) D. abiotic factors (37) E. species 3618230306270042. What is the equilibrium number of species for a large island? 4401478171108Small 00Small A. 20 B. 40 C. 55 D. 80 52102732344Large 00Large 43. What is the equilibrium number of species for a small island? A. 20 B. 40 C. 55 D. 80 44. If Krakatau currently has 28 species, would the rate of immigration be greater than, less than, or approximately equal to the rate of extinction? Remember that the equilibrium number for the island was a constant. A. Greater than. B. Less than. C. Equal to the rate of immigration. D. It is not possible to tell. Match the following characteristics to the biome they describe. Letters used once only. A. savanna B. temperate deciduous forest C. desert D. chaparral E. tundra E 45. Biome that contains permafrost and circles the top of the globe. C 46. Biome found at 30oN and 30oS that does not get more than 15cm of rain each year. B 47. The biome of Fairfax County. D 48. A biome dominated by fire. There are plants here that MUST have fire to open cones and release seeds. A 49. A biome found in Africa that supports many millions of wildebeest, zebra, giraffe and gazelle. Short Answer. (5) 50. In each pair of examples below, circle the animal with the higher Assimilation Efficiency. Cricket feeding on grass Versus Horse feeding on Grass Human feeding on crickets Versus Human feeding on a celery Larval moth feeding on leaves Versus Spittle bug (homoptera) feeding on phloem Humpback whale feeding on fish Versus Humpback whale feeding on algae Bird feeding on sunflower seeds Versus Bird feeding on grass (5) 51. In each pair of examples below, circle the animal with the higher Growth Efficiency. Spider Versus Elephant Spittle Bug Versus Harvester Ant Turtle Versus Cardinal Uganda Cob Versus Dung beetle You Versus Bees (3) 52. List the three ecosystems with the lowest primary production. For each of these, what is the environmental factor that limits primary production? Name Limit to Productivity Terrestrial Biome Desert Water Terrestrial Biome Tundra Temperature Aquatic Biome Open Ocean Nutrients (3) 53. What are the three main concerns that need to be taken into account when designing a wildlife preserve? 1. ___________Size_______________________________________ 2. ___________Shape______________________________________ 3. ___________Connectivity_________________________________ Equations: EA = A/I PE = NP/PAR EG = NP/A NP = A – R EG = 1 – R/A NP = GP - R (8) 54. Given the equations above, solve the following problem. A farmer harvests hay from his field. The net production is measured as 1500 kcal/ha. If respiration losses are 750 kcal/ha, what was the gross production? If the photosynthetic efficiency of hay is estimated at 7%, what was the PAR per hectare? All of this hay is now fed to cattle (they ingest all 1500 kcal/ha), whose assimilation efficiency is found to be 30%. How much energy is assimilated? If growth efficiency is estimated as 2.0%, what is the NP of cattle? SHOW YOUR WORK! Then fill in the box below. MUST HAVE UNITS! Sig fig not important. ANSWER: use units please Gross Production 2250 kcal/ha PAR per hectare 21428.5714 kcal Assimilation by Cattle 450 kcal/ha NP of Cattle 9 kcal/ha NP = GP – R GP = 1500kcal/ha + 750kcal/ha = 2250 kcal/ha PE = NP/PAR PAR = 1500kcal/ha/0.07 = 21428.5714 kcal/ha EA = A/I A = 0.3(1500kcal/ha) = 450 kcal/ha EG = NP/A NP = 450kcal/ha(0.02) = 9 kcal/ha (4) 55. Calculate the Shannon-Weaver Index for each of the following communities. Species Community 1: Number of Individuals pilnpi Species Community 2: Number of Individuals pilnpi 1 1 -0.0302 1 0 0 2 10 -0.1666 2 90 -0.1782 3 65 -0.3675 3 0 0 4 6 -0.1180 4 0 0 5 0 0 5 1010 -0.2277 6 0 0 6 0 0 7 5 -0.1037 7 50 -0.1203 8 0 0 8 20 -0.0614 9 38 -0.3348 9 0 0 10 45 -0.3518 10 88 -0.1756 Total = 170 H' = 1.4726   Total = 1378 H' = 0.7625 (2) What is the species richness of the two above communities? Community 1 = 7 Community 2 = 5 (1) Which of these communities is the most diverse? Community 1