Tolman was interested in examining the role of expectations in behavior. Which one of the following statements most accurately describes the method he used to study expectations?
a. He never reinforced any given response in the same way twice.
b. He reinforced a response the same way for several trials, then abruptly changed the type or amount of reinforcement.
c. He asked subjects what they were expecting a particular response to accomplish.
d. He gave his subjects a lengthy survey that included two or three questions concerning their expectations about the experiment.
Ques. 2Which one of the following statements best describes the history of contemporary cognitive theory?
a. It has been a major force guiding learning research ever since computers were used to understand cognition.
b. It has been the dominant perspective in learning research only in the past six or seven decades.
c. Its roots can be traced to the work of verbal learning theory, which in turn evolved from Jean Piaget's research in Switzerland.
d. It gained prominence only when psychologists began to cast aside the need for objectivity in psychological research.
Ques. 3Which of the following teachers most clearly illustrates teacher self efficacy?
a. Mr. Johnson loves to each and wakes up every day hoping that the children will learn from his lessons.
b. Mrs. Thom became a teacher so she could help disadvantaged students.
c. Mr. Baker thinks that every one can be a good teacher with the proper training.
d. Mrs. Sand is a confident teacher who believes that she can teach students.
Ques. 4Which one of the following is the best example of generalized self-efficacy?
a. Thanks to his good study habits, Evan is optimistic that he'll do well in the wide variety of college courses he must take in order to graduate.
b. Rashida easily masters first-year algebra and can readily apply algebraic principles to solve new problems.
c. Shawna is such a skillful figure skater that she earns a place on the national Olympic Team.
d. Lance plays basketball every chance he gets, and when he's not playing the game himself, he's watching professional basketball on television.
Ques. 5These four teachers claim to be practicing principles from social cognitive theory. Based on the following information, which one is not?
a. Mr. Anderson makes sure students are paying attention when he demonstrates how to do long division problems.
b. Ms. Benson clearly outlines the rules in her class and makes sure all students are aware of hem before she reinforces or punishes any behavior.
c. Mr. Carlson tells his class that he wishes he had never started smoking cigarettes.
d. Ms. Donaldson shows her first graders how to spell her name by writing it in huge letters on the chalkboard.
Ques. 6John is motivated to bring up his grade in chemistry. He has decided to go to his chemistry class every day at lunch and after school. John's decision is an example of:
a. Self imposed stimulus control
b. Modeling
c. Self efficacy
d. A contingency contract
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