1-1:What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on afferent arterioles?
1-2: How is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system beneficial?
1-3: What are two functions of the kidney?
1-4: What are the components of the renal corpuscle?
1-5: Starting at the renal corpuscle, list the components of the renal tubule as they encountered by filtrate.
1-6: Describe the effect of increasing the afferent arteriole radius on glomerular capillary pressure and filtration rate? How well did the results compare with your prediction?
1-7: Describe the effect of increasing the efferent radius on glomerular capillary pressure and filtration rate?
2-1: As blood pressure increased, what happened to the glomerular capillary pressure and the glomerular filtration rate? How well did the results compare with your prediction?
2-2: Compare the urine volume in your baseline data with the urine volume as you increased the blood pressure. How did the urine volume change?
2-3: How could the change in urine volume with the increase in blood pressure be viewed as being beneficial to your body?
2-4: When the one way valve between the collecting duct and the urinary bladder was closed, what happened to the filtrate pressure in Bowman’s capsule (this is not directly measured in this experiment) and the glomerular filtration rate? How well did the results compare with your prediction?
3-1: How could an increased urine volume be viewed as beneficial to the body?
3-2: Why are diuretics given to people with hypertension?
3-3: List the several mechanisms you have explored that change the glomerular filtration rate. How does each mechanism specifically alter the glomerular filtration rate?
3-4: Describe and explain what happened to the glomerular capillary pressure and glomerular filtration rate when both arteriole radii changes were implemented simultaneously with the low blood pressure condition. How well did the results compare with your prediction?
3-5: How could you adjust the afferent or efferent radius to compensate for the effect of reduced blood pressure on the glomerular filtration rate?
3-6: In the body, how does a nephron maintain a near-constant glomerular filtration rate despite a constantly fluctuating blood pressure?
4-1: What happened to the urine concentration as the solute concentration in the interstitial space was increased? How well did the results compare to your prediction?
4-2: What happened to the volume of urine as the solute concentration in the interstitial space increased?
4-3: What do you think would happen to the urine volume if you did not add ADH to the collecting duct?
4-4: Is most of the tubule filtrate reabsorbed into the body or excreted into the urine? Explain.
4-5: Can the reabsorption of solutes influence water reabsorption from the tubule fluid? Explain.
5-1: What happens to the concentration of glucose in the urinary bladder as the number of glucose carriers increases?
5-2: What types of transport are utilized during glucose reabsorption and where do they occur?
5-3: Why does the glucose concentration in the urinary bladder become zero in these experiments?
5-4: What are the two different types of Diabetes Mellitus and why does glucose appear in their urine?
6-1: What does ethanol consumption lead to increased urine production?
6-2: How did the addition of aldosterone affect urine volume (compared with baseline)?
6-3: How did the addition of ADH affect urine volume (compared to baseline)?
6-4: What stimulates release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex?
6-5: What stimulates release of ADH from the posterior pituitary gland?
6-6: There are two forms of diabetes insipidus. Please discuss both (one that affects the posterior pituitary and the other effects the kidney). What type of urine is produced? How are the forms of Diabetes insipidus treated?
6-7: If ADH is not available, can the urine concentration still vary? Please explain your answer.
6-8: If you want to reabsorb sodium ions but you don’t want to increase the volume of blood by reabsorbing large amounts of water from the filtrate. How can you accomplish this by adjusting ADH and Aldosterone?
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