Referencing Help

Inferences are largely drawn from

Inferences are largely drawn from

Inferences are largely drawn from
A) experience.
B) empirical observations.
C) hypotheses.
D) textbooks.

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Constructs are to inference as facts are to

Constructs are to inference as facts are to

Constructs are to inference as facts are to
A) models.
B) behavior.
C) observation
D) science

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Events such as personality, intelligence, stress, and memory are

Events such as personality, intelligence, stress, and memory are

Events such as personality, intelligence, stress, and memory are
A) avoided in scientific inquiry.
B) rational ideas constructed by the researcher.
C) accepted as true.
D) facts from which scientific inferences can be drawn.

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The study of memory, emotion, and intelligence is an example of

The study of memory, emotion, and intelligence is an example of

The study of memory, emotion, and intelligence is an example of
A) non-empirical research.
B) the study of observable facts.
C) the study of non-observable variables.
D) a study of specific behavioral events.

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Emotions such as anger, sadness, and happiness are examples of

Emotions such as anger, sadness, and happiness are examples of

Emotions such as anger, sadness, and happiness are examples of
A) observable events.
B) constructs.
C) facts.
D) dependent variables.

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Which of the following is NOT a construct?

Which of the following is NOT a construct?

Which of the following is NOT a construct?
A) intelligence
B) gravity
C) the ego
D) age

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A construct (Multiple Choice Question)

A construct (Multiple Choice Question)

A construct
A) is an idea created by the researcher.
B) is often designed to explain and/or predict behavior.
C) is often used by the researcher as if it were actually true.
D) All of the above

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Which of the following are examples of inferred constructs?

Which of the following are examples of inferred constructs?

Which of the following are examples of inferred constructs?
A) electricity and gravity
B) heart beats and blood pressure
C) nonverbal gestures
D) disruptive behavior

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A construct is (Multiple Choice Question)

A construct is (Multiple Choice Question)

A construct is
A) an observation.
B) a fact observed independently.
C) an idea held by the researcher.
D) an experimental manipulation.

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Ideas constructed by researchers on the basis of observed events are called

Ideas constructed by researchers on the basis of observed events are called

Ideas constructed by researchers on the basis of observed events are called
A) phantasms.
B) observations.
C) hypotheses.
D) constructs.

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Ideas constructed by the researcher and used analogically (i.e., as if they existed) are termedA) ex

Ideas constructed by the researcher and used analogically (i.e., as if they existed) are termedA) ex

Ideas constructed by the researcher and used analogically (i.e., as if they existed) are termed
A) existential ideas.
B) ontological ideas.
C) constructs.
D) phenomena.

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Reification means (Multiple Choice Question)

Reification means (Multiple Choice Question)

Reification means
A) confusing empirical observations with fact.
B) confusing a construct for a fact.
C) confusing reality and logic.
D) believing that there is an afterlife.

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Many of the therapists who use psychoanalytic techniques have been accused of actually believing tha

Many of the therapists who use psychoanalytic techniques have been accused of actually believing tha

Many of the therapists who use psychoanalytic techniques have been accused of actually believing that there is an ego, superego, and an id. If this accusation were true, they would have committed a logical error known as
A) reification of a cons

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Constructs are used (Multiple Choice Question)

Constructs are used (Multiple Choice Question)

Constructs are used
A) only in poor research.
B) as if they are reality.
C) only in deductive models.
D) only in inductive models.

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The logical error of confusing a construct for a fact is called

The logical error of confusing a construct for a fact is called

The logical error of confusing a construct for a fact is called
A) petitio principii.
B) reification.
C) post hoc ergo propter hoc.
D) begging the question.

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Mistaking the name of a phenomenon for the explanation of the phenomenon is called a

Mistaking the name of a phenomenon for the explanation of the phenomenon is called a

Mistaking the name of a phenomenon for the explanation of the phenomenon is called a
A) Barnum statement.
B) nominal fallacy.
C) similarity-uniqueness paradox.
D) evaluative bias.

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To see a statement as being either true of false is known as

To see a statement as being either true of false is known as

To see a statement as being either true of false is known as
A) an evaluative language bias.
B) a similarity paradox.
C) an all-or-none bias.
D) a nominal fallacy.

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Inductive reasoning relies on (Multiple Choice Question)

Inductive reasoning relies on (Multiple Choice Question)

Inductive reasoning relies on
A) rationalization.
B) making empirical observations.
C) premises-conclusion arguments.
D) making predictions.

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Which of the following is an example of inductive thinking?

Which of the following is an example of inductive thinking?

Which of the following is an example of inductive thinking?
A) reasoning that a man will be able to hit a golf ball further than a woman because men generally have greater muscle development than women
B) assuming that the sun will rise tom

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Which of the following is an example of deductive thinking?

Which of the following is an example of deductive thinking?

Which of the following is an example of deductive thinking?
A) figuring out who was the killer in a Perry Mason story by carefully considering all of the clues
B) predicting what a friend would do in a particular situation based on your tho

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When we are reasoning from the specific to the general, we are using ________ reasoning. In contrast

When we are reasoning from the specific to the general, we are using ________ reasoning. In contrast

When we are reasoning from the specific to the general, we are using ________ reasoning. In contrast, when we are reasoning from the general to the specific, we are using ________ reasoning.
A) theoretical; predictive
B) deductive; inductiv

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Predicting that an apple, if dropped, will fall to the ground is an example of

Predicting that an apple, if dropped, will fall to the ground is an example of

Predicting that an apple, if dropped, will fall to the ground is an example of
A) deduction.
B) induction.
C) rationalization.
D) observation.

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Reasoning from the particular to the general is called

Reasoning from the particular to the general is called

Reasoning from the particular to the general is called
A) deductive thinking.
B) inductive reasoning.
C) conductive reasoning.
D) predicate logic.

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If a researcher begins with an empirical observation and infers constructs on the basis of that obse

If a researcher begins with an empirical observation and infers constructs on the basis of that obse

If a researcher begins with an empirical observation and infers constructs on the basis of that observation, he or she is engaging in
A) deductive reasoning.
B) hasty generalization.
C) inductive reasoning.
D) modal logic.

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If a researcher uses inferred constructs as a basis on which to make a prediction about new and spec

If a researcher uses inferred constructs as a basis on which to make a prediction about new and spec

If a researcher uses inferred constructs as a basis on which to make a prediction about new and specific observations, he or she is engaging in
A) guessing.
B) inductive reasoning.
C) the fallacy of the slippery slope.
D) deductiv

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Reasoning from the general to the specific is termed

Reasoning from the general to the specific is termed

Reasoning from the general to the specific is termed
A) deductive reasoning.
B) inductive reasoning.
C) telescopic reasoning.
D) rational reasoning.

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Science is characterized by (Multiple Choice Question)

Science is characterized by (Multiple Choice Question)

Science is characterized by
A) a combination of induction and deduction.
B) deduction.
C) induction.
D) a separation of induction and deduction.

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The essence of science is

The essence of science is

The essence of science is
A) not important in psychological research.
B) a process involving inductive and deductive logic.
C) trial and error.
D) a process involving tenacity and deductive logic.

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The essence of science is

The essence of science is

The essence of science is
A) its commitment to separation of church and state.
B) its high ideals.
C) its process of systematic thinking.
D) the development of maxims.

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A formalized set of concepts that organizes observations and helps predict and explain phenomena is

A formalized set of concepts that organizes observations and helps predict and explain phenomena is

A formalized set of concepts that organizes observations and helps predict and explain phenomena is termed
A) a maxim.
B) an axiom.
C) a hypothesis.
D) a theory.

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A good theory is based on

A good theory is based on

A good theory is based on
A) a hunch.
B) solid empirical evidence.
C) syllogistic reasoning.
D) loose association of ideas.

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Theoretical thinking (Multiple Choice Question)

Theoretical thinking (Multiple Choice Question)

Theoretical thinking
A) is the best way to obtain truth.
B) always involves the use of complex constructs and statistical concepts.
C) is a tool to help us understand the world.
D) always depends on the data available.

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Charles Darwin's famous treatise on natural selection is entitled

Charles Darwin's famous treatise on natural selection is entitled

Charles Darwin's famous treatise on natural selection is entitled
A) The Ascent to Man.
B) De rerum naturae (On the Nature of Things).
C) On the Origin of Species.
D) Voyage of Galapagos.

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The median is the (Multiple Choice Question)

The median is the (Multiple Choice Question)

The median is the
A) most frequently occurring score.
B) average score.
C) middle score.
D) highest score.

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Failing to reject the null hypothesis when in fact it is false results in a

Failing to reject the null hypothesis when in fact it is false results in a

Failing to reject the null hypothesis when in fact it is false results in a
A) Type I error.
B) high alpha level.
C) low alpha level.
D) Type II error.

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The double-blind control procedure is often used in what type of studies?

The double-blind control procedure is often used in what type of studies?

The double-blind control procedure is often used in what type of studies?
A) behavioral studies of weight management
B) studies on autistic children
C) drug studies
D) studies concerned with effects of loss of eyesight

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The double-blind control procedure is difficult to conduct in research that is purely psychological

The double-blind control procedure is difficult to conduct in research that is purely psychological

The double-blind control procedure is difficult to conduct in research that is purely psychological in nature primarily because
A) it is difficult to create experimentally adequate and believable placebo manipulations.
B) it is difficult to

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A population is (Multiple Choice Question)

A population is (Multiple Choice Question)

A population is
A) the smallest number of events that are representative of the larger group.
B) the larger group to which the researcher has access.
C) the smaller number of events drawn from the larger group.
D) the larger group

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Which of the following statements is correct about experiments?

Which of the following statements is correct about experiments?

Which of the following statements is correct about experiments?
A) Random assignment of participants to conditions is more important than random selection of participants.
B) Random assignment of participants to conditions is less important

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Which of the following is NOT an ethical safeguard for research studies?

Which of the following is NOT an ethical safeguard for research studies?

Which of the following is NOT an ethical safeguard for research studies?
A) IRB ethics approval for research methods
B) informed consent forms for research participants
C) payment of participants
D) feedback/debriefing procedures

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