The most common portal of entry for bacteremia is:

A
The most common portals of entry for bacteremia are the genitourinary tract (25), respiratory tract (20), abscesses (10), surgical wound infections (5), biliary tract (5), miscellaneous sites (10), and uncertain sites (25).

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D
Several amplification methods, including real-time PCR, have been developed for the detection of the clinically relevant Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma species.

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A
Niacin (nicotinic acid) plays an important role in the oxidation-reduction reactions that occur during mycobacterial metabolism. Niacin therefore accumulates in the medium in which these organisms are growing. A positive niacin test is preliminary evidence that the organism that ex-hibits a buff-colored, slow-growing, rough colony may be M. tuberculosis.

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D
Because of the lack of a cell wall, M. pneumoniae are innately resistant to all lactam antibiotics. In addition, they are resistant to sulfonamides, trimethoprim, and rifampin. Susceptibility patterns vary by species to macrolides and lincosamides. M. pneumoniae is usually susceptible to macrolides, tetracycline, ketolides, and fluoroquinolones.

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A
The VSPs are a family of related, highly unusual proteins covering the surface of the organism. The VSPs are resistant to the effects of intestinal proteases, thus allowing the parasites to survive in the protease-rich small intestine. An antigenic variation of the surface antigen during human infections with G. duodenalis has been documented.

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