What is parsing? (Multiple Choice)

What is parsing?
 
  a) the process of accessing word meaning
   b) the process of converting syntax into semantics
   c) the process of identifying the component elements of a sentence
   d) the process of mapping the look of a word onto the sound of a word

Question 2

Perea, Acha, & Carreiras (2009) investigated the reading comprehension of text messages and found that:
 
  a) orthographically based text messages were comprehended just as effectively as normal text.
   b) phonetically based text messages were comprehended just as effectively as normal text.
   c) both orthographically- and phonetically based text messages were comprehended just as effectively as
   normal text.
   d) neither orthographically- nor phonetically based text messages were comprehended just as effectively as
   normal text.

Question 3

Rayner, White, Johnson, and Liversedge (2006) examined fixation times for words that were normal or jumbled. They found that
 
  a) words with the internal letters transposed had the longest fixation times.
   b) words with the initial letter transposed had the longest fixation times.
   c) fixation times for normal words and for words with ending letters transposed were the same.
   d) there was no difference between words with internal, ending, or beginning letters transposed.

Question 4

Bai, Yan, Zang, Liversedge, & Rayner investigated word/character recognition in written Chinese. Their major question was whether characters or words would prove to be the fundamental unit of processing in reading Chinese. Their results indicated
 
  a) spacing out the characters more than usual enhanced performance.
   b) word spacing led to better reading performance than the spacing typically used in written Chinese.
   c) word spacing led to poorer performance than the spacing typically used in written Chinese.
   d) word spacing led to equal performance, relative to the spacing typically used in written Chinese.