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Unusual Plant Defenses
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Plants have evolved a remarkable array of strategies to defend themselves against herbivores, and one such strategy involves attracting insects that act as natural enemies to these plant-eating pests. The fascinating interplay between plants, insects, and the chemical signals they utilize continues to captivate researchers in the field. In the case of the beet armyworm caterpillar, scientists have discovered that its saliva contains a chemical called volicitin, which plays a crucial role in eliciting a defensive response from the plant. When the caterpillar feeds on corn seedlings, the volicitin triggers the release of chemical signals from the leaves, effectively attracting parasitic wasps. These wasps, in turn, prey on the caterpillars, pr ...
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2057 |
bio_man |
11 months ago |
Nipping Common Gardening Mistakes in the Bud
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Some people are born with a green thumb – they need only pick up a watering can to make their gardens teem with brilliant flowers and vegetables. To the rest of us, gardening comes less naturally. And for some people, it’s a complete and utter mystery. But growing productive, vivacious plants doesn’t have to be hard. Following these simple guidelines can turn even the most fumbling gardener into a veritable Farmer John. Avoid over-wateringWatering is one of the most confusing and misunderstood gardening chores. Over-watering encourages shallow root systems, makes plants more susceptible to disease, and wastes water. Roots in waterlogged soil cannot breathe; as a result, plants wilt, turn yellow, rot, and die. Follow a few simple rules of thum ...
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4364 |
Biology Forums |
A year ago |
An amazing reaction happens when a plant gets hurt
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The short clip above shows what happens to an injured plant when a nibbling insect attacks the leaves of a plant: the entire plant is alerted to begin anticipatory defense responses.Working in the model plant Arabidopsis, researchers recently showed that a systemic signal begins with the release of glutamate, which is perceived by glutamate receptor–like ion channels upon injury to a leaf. The ion channels then set off a cascade of changes in calcium ion concentration that propagate through the phloem vasculature and through intercellular channels called plasmodesmata. This glutamate-based long-distance signaling is rapid; within minutes, an undamaged leaf can respond to the fate of a distant leaf. If plants react to injury more similarly to ...
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1088 |
bio_man |
5 years ago |
What are the most poisonous plants?
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Plants are essential for any ecosystem, being both a food source and habitat for living things. Although plants are stationary, many are dangerous to touch or eat, making you sick or cause a bad reaction. Some of the most poisonous plants are described below: Abrus Precarious or Rosary Pea (Left) This plant has beans that contain a deadly poison. Ironically, their seeds are often used in jewelry and rosary making, but are not harmful when touched, only if chewed or scratched. The poison is known to stop protein synthesis, leading to organ failure. Ricinus Communis or the Castor Bean (Center) The castor bean plant comes from Africa and its seed is the source of castor oil used all over the world. However, the seeds contain a deadly poison called ...
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10545 |
bio_man |
7 years ago |
This carnivorous plant counts to avoid being tricked
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Unlike conventional plants, the Venus flytrap copes with poor soil by eating bugs! But the cost of insect hunting is high. Catching prey requires Dionaea muscipula to snap down quickly and then carry out the energy-intensive process of digestion. To balance the costs and benefits of eating meat, the plants have developed a counting system to identify real prey from false alarms, according to a new study. To understand how the flytrap distinguishes a potential food source from a false alarm like a raindrop, researchers observed the electrical and chemical response of the plant to touch stimulation. In order to mimic insect prey, the scientists stimulated the hairlike sensors located on the plant’s trap. Touching the sensors two times quick ...
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16811 |
duddy |
8 years ago |
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17571 |
duddy |
8 years ago |
This plant contains 27 times more chromosomes per cell than humans
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It's true, the adder's-tongue ferns ( Ophioglossum) pictured above has the highest chromosome count of any known living organism, with 1,262 chromosomes. In comparison, most species have far fewer chromosomes (i.e. humans have 46, 23 pairs). However, the number of chromosomes doesn't suggest that this species is more complex - after all, it's a plant! Some organisms, like this plants can self-fertilize, therefore they end with extra chromosomes. Over many generations, these chromosomes accumulate, hence the large number found in Ophioglossum. ...
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7094 |
duddy |
8 years ago |
Leaves are packed with chlorophyll
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Did you know that there are about half a million chloroplasts (the organelle in plant cells responsible for photosynthesis) in a square millimeter surface area of a leaf! And if that's not enough, photosynthesis makes an estimated 160 billion tonnes of carbohydrates per year. No other chemical process on Earth can match the output of photosynthesis.
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23958 |
duddy |
8 years ago |
This flower stinks
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The corpse flower ( Amorphophallus titanium) is one of the world's stinkiest plants. What makes it smell so bad? Analyses of chemicals released by the plant show the "stench" includes dimethyl trisulfide, dimethyl disulfide, trimethylamine (rotting fish), isovaleric acid (sweaty socks), benzyl alcohol (sweet floral scent), phenol (like Chloraseptic), and indole (like mothballs). While this may be foul smelling to humans, to dung beetles and flies, it smells like opportunity. Insects which feed on dead animals or lay their eggs in rotting meat are attracted to the sent, therefore the smell invite pollinators and scares away humans at the same time. ...
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15587 |
duddy |
8 years ago |
This Chinese ghost town became one with nature
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An old fishing village on the island of Shengshan on the Yangtze River was abandoned for economic reasons, only to become one with nature. The island, a few hours east of Hangzhou Bay, is a stark contrast to the vibrant metropolitan skyline of nearby Shanghai - an image conjured up in many westerners' minds when imagining populous China. Some of the islands at the mouth of the Yangtze river are popular tourist destinations and have been described as a paradise for seafood lover, while others are inhabitable. The stunning scenery on Shengshan Island is the result of the houses and outbuildings being slowly consumed by nature. The seaside village now lies empty because it was more economical for the fishermen to move and work on the mainland ...
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2656 |
duddy |
8 years ago |
This plant will solve all your termite problems
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The pitcher plant, much like the Venus flytrap, is a carnivorous plant that survives by digesting insects. It's sweet nectar entices insects to feed off it, though this may come at a cost as they risk falling into a deadly pool of acid at the bottom of the pitcher plant's bucket-shaped leaf.
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3060 |
duddy |
8 years ago |
The world's tallest tree
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Hyperion, ranked as the world's tallest known living tree, has not had its location revealed publicly for fear that human traffic would upset the ecosystem the tree inhabits. This fabulous tree is a coast redwood ( Sequoia sempervirens) found in Northern California that was measured at 115.61 m (379.3 ft).
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2774 |
duddy |
8 years ago |
Can you spot the plants in this photo?
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Lithops are succulents that have evolved to avoid being eaten by animals by blending in with pebbles and stones. In botany, succulent plants, are plants having some parts that are more than normally thickened and fleshy, usually to retain water in arid climates or soil conditions. Succulent plants may store water in various structures, such as leaves and stems. ...
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16130 |
duddy |
9 years ago |
Pine cones the size of melons!
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The Australian Bunya pine drops pine cones that are the size of melons. The cones are 20–35 cm in diameter, and are opened by large birds, such as cockatoos, or disintegrate when mature to release the large (3–4 cm) seeds or nuts.
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27897 |
duddy |
9 years ago |
Monstrous leaves
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Native to the Amazon Basin, the leaves of Victoria lilies can grow up to 3 metres in diameter and they have enormous 8-metre-long stalks.
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5595 |
duddy |
9 years ago |
World's smallest flowering plant
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Meet Wolffia globosa, the smallest flowering plant in the world. The plant measures less than 0.2 mm in diameter, and can be found in streams and ponds in Australia, Asia and some regions of the Americas.
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3865 |
duddy |
9 years ago |
House plants could one day power our computers
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Researchers have discovered a novel method to harness photosynthesis to create electricity. By attaching nanotubes to plant cells, the researchers were able to direct the electrons that plants free during photosynthesis down a wire and generate electrical current – and it was twice as powerful as electricity gathered from solar cells.
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7674 |
duddy |
10 years ago |
Plants can be albino too!
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This is an albino redwood tree, with white needles instead of green because it's unable to produce chlorophyll. In order to survive, albino redwoods must join their roots to those of a normal redwood to obtain nutrients. Found in Henry Cowell Redwoods State Park and Humboldt Redwoods State Park in the US, there are only around 20 known albino redwoods in the world, and their exact whereabouts have been kept secret as protection.
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5722 |
duddy |
10 years ago |
Proof that money does grow on trees
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Well, okay GOLD. Apparently, gold grows on eucalyptus trees. Researchers discovered that the trees are acting as a hydraulic pump, extracting gold from the soil and moving it to their leaves and branches. The ‘nuggets’ are about one-fifth the diameter of human hair, but the leaves may be used in combination with other tools to develop better exploration techniques.
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7624 |
duddy |
10 years ago |
Who knew chili peppers were good for you
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Exposure to cold and eating chili peppers both appear to increase the activity of brown fat cells, which burn energy, rather than store it as typical "white" fat cells do, a study has found.
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6896 |
duddy |
10 years ago |
World's largest seed
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The coco-de-mer palm tree ( Lodoicea maldivica) is endemic to the Seychelles. Its seeds are the largest and heaviest of any plant in the world, and have been highly prized over the centuries, which has almost driven the palm tree to extinction.
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5680 |
duddy |
10 years ago |
Strange looking plants
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The island of Socotra is one of the most isolated non-volcanic landforms in the world. Sitting 240 km east of the Horn of Africa and 380 km south of the Arabian Peninsula, its geographic isolation over millions of years has ensured that a third of its plant species are found nowhere else on Earth. Clockwise from the top are dragon blood trees, desert roses, and a native succulent, Dorstenia gigas. ...
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2634 |
duddy |
10 years ago |
The bleeding tooth fungus
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The bleeding tooth fungus grows in Europe and North America. While young, the fungus looks like it is oozing blood. The red liquid is actually an anticoagulant. It lives on the roots of conifer trees and exchanges nutrients in a mutually beneficial relationship. And, if you're wondering, they are inedible.
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2418 |
savio |
10 years ago |
Seeds germinate after 2000 years
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A Judean date palm plant was planted in 2005 using seeds that were hidden away for 2000 years. While other species of date palms thrive around the world, this particular species was thought to be extinct for 1800 years. Date palms are either male or female, and this one, nicknamed Methuselah, is a male, so it will not produce fruit. However, the plant is alive and well, and is the oldest known seed to successfully germinate.
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3183 |
duddy |
11 years ago |