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This is not a gif nor a video
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A cognitive neuroscientist explains that the biological reason the image 'moves' is because the V5 (middle temporal visual area) part of your brain – devoted to motion processing – activates or fires due to the V4 part of your brain – devoted to colour and shape – becomes overstimulated. In fact, V4 neurons are saturated so much that the resting firing frequency of middle temporal neurons is interpreted as an actual sensory signal. The effect of this illusion strictly depends on several factors, namely on the receptive field sizes (the illusion changes as a function of viewing distance), V4 preference for spirals and spheres, and the middle temporal involvement in 3D and stereopsis. It is a very complex interaction, that rarely lead to suc ...
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3842 |
duddy |
5 years ago |
An amazing reaction happens when a plant gets hurt
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The short clip above shows what happens to an injured plant when a nibbling insect attacks the leaves of a plant: the entire plant is alerted to begin anticipatory defense responses.Working in the model plant Arabidopsis, researchers recently showed that a systemic signal begins with the release of glutamate, which is perceived by glutamate receptor–like ion channels upon injury to a leaf. The ion channels then set off a cascade of changes in calcium ion concentration that propagate through the phloem vasculature and through intercellular channels called plasmodesmata. This glutamate-based long-distance signaling is rapid; within minutes, an undamaged leaf can respond to the fate of a distant leaf. If plants react to injury more similarly to ...
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1088 |
bio_man |
5 years ago |
Now that football fever over, it's time to talk headers
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According to a recent study published in the medical journal, Radiology, it was found that among amateur players who headed a similar number of balls, women had more signs of microscopic damage in their brains’ white matter than men. From 2013 to 2016, 49 men and 49 women from amateur teams were subjects to a study that compared male and female players who headed the ball a similar number of times over the past year. For men, that median estimate was 487 headers. Women had an estimated median of 469 headers. Using a special MRI technique known as diffusion tensor imaging, researchers identified brain regions with changes in white matter in both sexes, but that more women that men had spots that showed signs of microscopic damage. In some ca ...
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1807 |
bio_man |
5 years ago |
Deadbeat birds
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Brood parasites are organisms that rely on others to raise their young. It's the equivalent of having a baby, placing him/her in a basket, and then leaving it on a random person's front porch. While this may seem strange to us, it's not uncommon to some species of birds. One of nature's shrewdest examples of this behavior comes from cowbirds. Not only do they lay their eggs inside the nests of other birds and expect them to rear the foster chicks as their own, scientists have found another way these birds may be harming their hosts -- their extra-thick eggshells can crack the hosts’ own eggs when they falls into the nest. To test this idea, researchers of recent study gathered 157 freshly laid cowbird eggs and dropped them onto host eggs fro ...
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2942 |
bio_man |
5 years ago |
Stress-activated gray hair explained
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An unexpected link in mice has been found between gray hair, the transcription factor MITF, and the innate immune in a recent study published in PLOS Biology. First, a discussion on the innate immune system: The innate immune system is the immune system you're born with. This includes your skin and other barriers which prevent disease entering the body, in addition to specialized cells that activate inflammation in response to foreign invaders. Technically, every cell in your body except for red blood cells, are capable of generating an immune response, and this includes the production of a signaling protein known as interferon. Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is best known for its role in regulating the many functions ...
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2401 |
bio_man |
5 years ago |
Male hand grip strength predicts your reproductive fitness and sexual behavior
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If you've ever been told to give a firm handshake at the start of an interview, this advice now holds scientific truth with a new study published by Frontiers in Psychology.According to the study, hand grip strength correlates with numerous measures involved in social and sexual competition in men, and typically fails to correlate (or to a lesser extent) with these measures among women. Given that this trait scores highest in people between the ages of 24 and 39 years, and subsequently weakens as we age, the author insists that hand grip strength is a powerful indicator of health and vitality for both men and women, as it relates to overall physical functioning and morbidity. Researchers of the study mention that the predominantly male-speci ...
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1292 |
bio_man |
6 years ago |
The importance of phytochemicals
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Phytochemicals are compounds in foods found in plants that are thought to be beneficial to health. More than 5000 different types have been identified, and several studies have linked their intake to reduced risk for cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer’s, cataracts, and age-related decline. While they may be beneficial, they are not considered nutrients (substances necessary to sustain life), thus no daily recommended intakes have been established. A list of five popular phytochemical families are listed below, along with their health claims and food source. Carotenoids:Includes: Alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, lutein, lycopene, zeaxanthin, etc. Health Claims: Diets with foods rich in these phytochemicals may reduce the risk of ...
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1838 |
bio_man |
6 years ago |
Dogs convert scents into mental visuals
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A dog searching for a lost child is typically given an item of clothing to smell. But what does that scent “look” like? To find out, scientists tested 48 dogs, half of which had special police or rescue training. In a laboratory room, the scientists slid each dog’s favorite toy across the floor to a hiding place, while the dog waited in another room. One researcher then brought the dog to the testing room and pointed at the starting point of the odor trail and told the dog, “Look for it! Bring it!” In one trial, the dog found either its favored toy or a different item. Many of the surprised dogs continued searching for the toy used to lay the scent trail—an indication that they had a mental representation of what they expected to find. Bot ...
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2419 |
bio_man |
6 years ago |
Flu no more
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A promising new drug called baloxavir marboxil (Xofluza) developed in Japan has been shown to stop the flu virus from spreading 24 hours after intake. The drug interferes with influenza A and influenza B's main replication process instead of inhibiting the neuraminidase enzyme, as accomplished by previous drugs such as oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza). As shown in the illustration, viral neuraminidase sits on the surface of influenza viruses and enables it to be released once reproduced within the infected host cell. Xofluza accomplishes its mode of action by inhibiting the cap-dependent endonuclease activity of the viral polymerase. It achieves this by inhibiting the process known as cap snatching, which is a mechanism expl ...
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2081 |
bio_man |
6 years ago |
Which one is healthier: dark, milk, or white chocolate?
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We've all heard by now that dark chocolate is the healthier chocolate, while white chocolate lacks behind in essential nutrients. Let's break down what's myth and what's real so you know exactly what's good for you next time you treat yourself to one of these snacks. First, a discussion on cocoa.Cocoa – chocolate's main raw ingredient – naturally contains polyphenols, namely flavan-3-ols and flavonoids, which are antioxidants constantly being studied for their potential effects in the body. The following table shows the content of phenolics and flavonoids in the three different types of chocolate. Generally, the more antioxidants you consume, the more protection your body will have from the formation of free radicals, which are unstable mol ...
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1574 |
bio_man |
6 years ago |
Praying mantises are the only invertebrates known to see in 3D
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Any animal capable of seeing in 3D, such as humans, have the ability to visually perceive depth. No other insect but the Praying mantis is capable of this. Because of this, this predatory insect excels at detecting prey that comes within striking distance, but unlike us, their depth perception only works when the prey is moving. In a new study, scientists glued the world’s tiniest 3D glasses (above, left) on 20 praying mantises ( Sphodromantis lineola) and showed them a series of movies depicting patches of moving dots that were camouflaged against a matching background, and which are perceived as potential prey items to the insect. The insects tried to catch these dots that appeared to be within 2.5 centimeters of their perch. And they coul ...
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1253 |
bio_man |
6 years ago |
Are women better than men at sensing emotions?
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A new psychology study suggests that women are better than men at reading people's thoughts and emotions, just by looking at the eyes. Researchers from around the globe tested the way genes influence a person's cognitive empathy; their ability to accurately recognise another person's emotional state. 90,000 people were shown different photographs of people's eyes and asked to determine their mood. Results showed that women more consistently picked the correct feeling when the participants had to select what emotion they perceived when shown a visual of a person's eyes. This is the first big study on cognitive empathy and its relationship to gender. The international research team has also identified a potential genetic region that influences ...
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6250 |
bio_man |
6 years ago |
"Give orange me give eat orange me eat orange give me eat orange give me you."
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That's the longest string of words that Nim Chimpsky, a chimpanzee who scientists raised as a human and taught sign language in the 1970s, ever signed. He was the subject of Project Nim, an experiment conducted by cognitive scientists at Columbia University to investigate whether chimps can learn language. After years of exposing Nim to all things human, the researchers concluded that although he did learn to express demands - the desire for an orange, for instance - and knew 125 words, he couldn't fully grasp language, at least as they defined it. Language requires not just vocabulary but also syntax, they argued. "Give orange me," for example, means something different than "give me orange." From a very young age, humans understand that; w ...
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15514 |
duddy |
7 years ago |
An essential bone lost
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Despite slang terms that imply otherwise, the human penis contains no bones. The same cannot be said for many of our closest evolutionary relatives: Chimpanzees and bonobos both have penis bones (a macaque one is pictured, left), also known as bacula. To find out why some primates have the feature whereas others don’t, researchers traced the bone’s evolutionary history through time. The baculum first evolved between 145 million and 95 million years ago, as reported in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B. That means it was present in the most recent common ancestor of all primates and carnivores. Why some descendants, like humans, lost their bacula appears to be due to differences in mating practices: In primates, the presence of a penis ...
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16663 |
duddy |
7 years ago |
Riskier choices are more likely to be made at night
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Early birds and night owls have radically different daily habits. But a new study suggests they both share one trait: As the clock ticks, their decisions get dicey. Neuroscientists examined the quality of moves in more than 1 million games of chess in an online database. They charted the decisions of 99 prolific players by gauging the time they took for each move and its usefulness in leading to a victory - factors that impact games like high-speed tiebreakers in the World Chess Championships. As expected, early risers played more games in the morning, whereas night owls were active at dusk and beyond. But both sets of players took longer for each move and made better game choices early in the day and soon after they woke up. Come evening, ...
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10528 |
duddy |
7 years ago |
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